L’idée d’un changement climatique, causé par l’homme ou par des facteurs naturels, s’est imposée peu à peu, au cours des XVII e et XVIII e siècles. La climatologie historique a émergé, dès cette époque, pour l’étudier grâce à un regard rétrospectif sur les registres météorologiques, les sources historiques, les végétations anciennes et l’évolution des fleuves et des glaciers. Dès 1671, Robert Boyle recommande d’observer le temps pour étudier l’action humaine sur le climat. Des enjeux multiples ont contribué à cette historicisation : la colonisation de l’Amérique du Nord et la comparaison transatlantique des climats ; l’essor d’un discours historique mêlant processus de civilisation des peuples et amélioration climatique ; le projet des monarchies éclairées d’améliorer le climat ; la volonté de percer le mystère des cycles météorologiques ; et enfin l’émergence d’une conception historiciste de la nature (la géologie, les théories de la Terre). Les théories influentes de Richard Grove et Dipesh Chakrabarty sur les liens entre histoire, climat et réflexivité environnementale des sociétés sont ici réinterrogées.
There is today an assumption, shared by most thinkers of post modernity that for about two generations we have been experiencing a complete transformation of our relationship with science, progress and risk. The story goes like this: as modern technologies have radically changed the scale of human action, risks have changed in nature; they are global, concern future generations, and pose threats to human nature and/or existence. Consequently, two pillars of industrial society have been undermined. First, the consensus on progress that linked technological achievements and hope of a better future has been breached: anxiety dominates our thought and technological choices now depend on the outcome of social conflicts. Second, the traditional after-the-event management of risk by insurance companies, fire brigades and suchlike, which dealt with the consequences of technological accidents, is rendered inadequate by new major risks that necessitate a new kind of political prudence, summarized by what is known as "the precautionary principle." Landmark writers of social theory have coined new labels to name our epoch and express its novelty: "risk society" as opposed to "industrial society," "reflexive modernization," 1 "second modernization," 2 "high modernity," 3 or "mode II society;" 4 while 1
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