2/35Abstract 21We developed a double-digitizing method combining a hand-held electromagnetic digitizer 22 and a non-contact three-dimensional (3D) laser scanner. The former was used to record the 23 positions of all leaves in a tree and orientation angles of their lamina. The latter served to 24 obtain the morphology of leaves sampled in the tree. As the scanner outputs a cloud of points, 25 software was developed to reconstruct non-planar (NP) leaves composed of triangles, and to 26 compute numerical shape parameters: midrib curvature, torsion and transversal curvature of 27 the lamina. Combination of both methods allowed building 3D virtual trees with NP leaves. 28The method was applied to young beech trees (Fagus sylvatica) selected in different sunlight 29 environments (from 1 to 100% of incident light) in forest of central France. Leaf morphology 30 responded to light availability, with more bent shape in well lit leaves. Light interception at 31 the leaf scale by NP leaves was decreased from 4 to 10%, for shaded and sunlit leaves 32 compared to planar leaves. At the tree scale, light interception by trees made of NP leaves was 33 decreased by 1 to 3% for 100% to 1% light, respectively. 34 35

The pelvic floor can be subjected to different disorders, coming from a physiological change in the spatial configuration of the organs of interest: the bladder, the rectum, the uterus and the vagina. However, resort to surgery to replace them is complicated to achieve. In order to support the decision of the surgeon as to the invasive method to use for the patient, the MoDyPe (Pelvis Dynamics Modeling) project was launched, aiming at building a patient specific pelvic organ behavior. Our approach consists in creating thick surfaces of hollow organs, using periodic B-splines and offsets, then in controlling their discretization and in exporting a hexahedral model to provide input data for the study on the dynamics of the soft bodies of interest. From a segmentation step providing a dataset of 3D points, a function is built to measure the bidirectional distance between the surface and the data. It is minimized with an alternate iterative Hoschek-like method, by updating the parametric map and moving the control points. Several offsets of the base surface are then created to build up the thickness of the organ.

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