[fre] Niveau en français et en mathématiques des élèves étrangers ou issus de l'immigration . Les élèves étrangers ou issus de l'immigration entrés en sixième en 1989 ont obtenu, globalement, des résultats inférieurs à ceux des autres élèves aux épreuves d'évaluation de français et de mathématiques. Ces écarts de performance sont supérieurs à ceux qui existent entre filles et garçons. Mais ils sont, en moyenne, plus faibles que ceux associés au milieu social, au diplôme de la mère ou à la taille de la famille. . De plus, à situation familiale et sociale identique, les différences entre les résultats disparaissent en mathématiques et se réduisent très nettement en français. Elles diminuent encore quand la comparaison est menée en plus à passé scolaire analogue. L'appartenance à la population étrangère ou issue de l'immigration a donc, en elle-même, un effet généralement modeste. Le handicap des élèves d'origine étrangère reste formé, pour l'essentiel, de ce qu'ils ont en commun avec les autres enfants des milieux défavorisés : parents peu ou pas diplômés, familles nombreuses ou très nombreuses, appartenance aux catégories sociales les plus modestes. [eng] Scores in French and Mathematics among Foreign Pupils and Children of Immigrants . In 1989, first-form foreign pupils and children of immigrants overall achieved lower scores than other pupils in the French and mathematics assessment tests. These performance gaps were wider than those found between boys and girls. Yet they were narrower on average than those associated with social background, the mother's qualifications and family size. . Moreover, when compared with identical family and social situations, differences between mathematics scores . disappeared and narrowed substantially for French. They narrowed further when the comparison factored in the same school history. Being part of the foreign population or a child of immigrants has thus, in itself, a generally modest impact. The handicap for pupils of foreign origin remains essentially due to factors in common with other children from disadvantaged backgrounds: parents with no or few qualifications, large or extremely large families, and membership of the lowest socio-economic groups. [ger] Das Niveau der auslândischen Schùler oder Kinder von Einwanderern in Franzôsisch und Mathematik . Die auslândischen Schùler oder Kinder von Einwanderern, die 1989 in die sechste Klasse, das heiBt in die erste Klasse der Gymnasialunterstufe kamen, erzielten bei den Einstufungstests in Franzôsisch und Mathematik im allgemeinen schlechtere Ergebnisse als die anderen Schùler. Dièse Leistungsunterschiede sind grôBer als die Unterschiede, die zwischen Jungen und Mâdchen bestehen. Im Durchschnitt sind sie jedoch geringer als die Unterschiede, die durch das soziale Milieu, den Ausbildungs- grad der Mutter oder die FamiliengrôBe bedingt sind. . Bei gleicher familiàrer und sozialer Situation verwischen sich ferner die Unterschiede bei den Ergebnissen in Mathematik und nehmen in Franzôsisch deutlich ab. Noch geringer werden sie, w...
The [13C]aminopyrine breath test ([13C]ABT) measures the global activity of cytochrome P450 in vivo and is a sensitive indicator of liver metabolic dysfunction. The present study aims to determine whether gender and cigarette smoking influence the results of [13C]ABT as well as to confirm the effect of oral contraceptive steroids (OCS) intake on this metabolic test. Hundred and ten healthy subjects, including men and women, smoker and non-smoker, women taking OCS or not, were phenotyped for CYP1A2 using the [13C]caffeine breath test and underwent a [13C]ABT. Both tests showed large inter-individual variations in accordance with that of CYP450 liver content. [13C]ABT was sensitive enough to point out a significant induction or inhibition related to cigarette smoking habits or OCS. The combined effect of smoking and OCS resulted in an overall unchanged metabolic activity. Consequently, the impact of the studied conditions on the [13C]ABT parameters must be considered by clinicians or clinical investigators.
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