Most species of songbirds exhibit biparental care, but, for many taxa and species, little is known about the relative contributions of males and females in brooding and provisioning nestlings. Additional studies of the contributions of males and females in brooding and feeding nestlings are needed to better understand the respective roles of males and females as well as the factors that might contribute to interspecific variation in those roles. We examined the roles of adult male and female White-eyed Vireos ( Vireo griseus) in brooding and provisioning nestlings in east-central Kentucky during the 1996 breeding season. Nests were located by monitoring adult behavior and checking likely nest sites. Once eggs hatched, nests were video-recorded to monitor the behavior of adults. Subsequent review of videos revealed that both male and female White-eyed Vireos brooded young and that males provisioned nestlings at higher rates than females. In contrast to males in many other species of songbirds, male White-eyed Vireos assisted in brooding young and provisioned nestlings at higher rates than their mates. One possible explanation for this is that low rates of extra-pair paternity might increase male confidence of their paternity status. Parental care provided by male White-eyed Vireos may also limit energy expenditure by their mates and increase the likelihood of females re-nesting if nests are predated or initiating second nesting attempts if initial attempts are successful.

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Form Approved REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE OPM No.oo4-oPublic reporting burden for this collection of infornation is estimated to average 1 hour per response, induding the time for reviewing instructions, sarching existing data sources gathering, and maintaining the data needed, and reviewing the collection of information. Sand comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this Colection of information. indudng suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquant Services. Directorate for information Operations and Reports. 1215 AUTHOR(S)Jeffrey A. Hawkins, Alton Penz PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)8 ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words)Since 1985, the USACE has used the Department of the Army (DA) Facilities Standardization Program to implement a comprehensive design standardization program. Thus far, the program has met many of its objectives: it has ensured consistent quality, appearance, and functional productivity of standardized facilities and has simplified and reduced the time needed to plan, program, design, and construct new facilities. However, the program can be even more effective by taking advantage of opportunities to reduce the life-cycle cost of standard facilities during design and construction. Thus far, the program has achieved many of its objectives. It has ensured consistent quality, appearance, and functional productivity and has simplified and reduced the time needed to plan, program, design, and construct new facilities. However, the DA Facilities Standardization Program can be even more effective. Although reducing design and construction costs is a stated objective of the USACE program, the responsible Centers of Standardization and implementing USACE districts are typically not aware of opportunities to do so and therefore do not take the necessary action to promote reduced costs.In this era of decreasing military construction funding, USACE must use every opportunity to design and construct new facilities as cost-effectively as possible while maintaining a consistently high level of quality. Design standardization can help meet both of those objectives. We recommend that USACE take the following actions to ensure the objectives of DA Facilities Standardization Program are met and that potential design and construction savings are being realized: * Headquarters, USACE should develop a formal process for selecting the types of facility to standardize and the level at which to standardize the designs of those facilities. This process should include a structured costbenefit approach that recognizes the additional costs to standardize a design and all the potential cost savings. A set of decision rules and the cost-benefit iii CEi04RI /FEB 92 approach should be incorporated into the current Standing Operating Procedures.* When contracting out the design of projects utilizing standard designs, USACE Districts should select architect-engineering (A-E) firms that are familiar with the particular standard facility being designed. By including "experience with...

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