Education, attending a diabetes training course and language skills are the main factors for explaining poor knowledge about diabetes. A tailor-made training course--considering people's educational background--for the large group of people of Turkish origin could lead to improvements. Moreover, the neglected potential of self-help groups should be developed, as only one person of the reviewed population reported to search for support here.

Communication between parents and their children represents an important factor of family socialization. Nevertheless, little is known about why parents communicate in different ways and how these qualitative differences in parent-child communication may affect the child. Building on self-determination theory, the present study focuses on motivational antecedents of need-supportive communication as a function of parental child-related beliefs (i.e., long-term goals that parents have set for their children's future, and parental child-related behavior expectations in terms of parental dissatisfaction or satisfaction with child behavior). Moreover, the effect of perceived need-supportive communication on children's prosocial behavior and (externalizing and internalizing) behavioral difficulties will be addressed. Three waves of data from 1125 mothers and adolescents aged between 10 and 17 years were analyzed using growth-curve modeling. We found linearly increasing trajectories in extrinsic parental goals for children and dissatisfaction with child behavior, and decreasing trajectories of need-supportive communication. Individual differences do not vary significantly over time. In addition, holding extrinsic parental goals for children positively predicts parents' dissatisfaction with their child's behavior and negatively predicts need-supportive communication. Parents' dissatisfaction with their child's behavior also contributes to decreasing need-supportive communication. As expected, need-supportive communication predicts prosocial behavior and externalizing behavioral difficulties. When need-supportive communication decreases over time, both externalizing and internalizing behavioral difficulties increase. Furthermore, the effect of mothers beliefs on adolescents socioemotional development was mediated through perceived mother's communication quality. These results suggest that parental child-related beliefs are important motivational antecedents of parent-child communication that may prevent behavioral difficulties.

Zusammenfassung. Diese Arbeit untersucht die Lese-Rechtschreibentwicklung von Grundschülern mit Förderschwerpunkt Lernen im inklusiven und exklusiven Schulsetting. Des Weiteren wird die Bedeutung potenzieller Einflussfaktoren wie Intelligenz, Geschlecht und sozioökonomischer Status berücksichtigt. Die Analysen basieren auf Daten der Bielefelder Längsschnittstudie zum Lernen in inklusiven und exklusiven Förderarrangements (BiLieF), in der N = 410 Schüler zu drei Messzeitpunkten teilnahmen. Multiple Group Latent Growth Curve Models ergaben höhere Ausgangswerte für inklusiv beschulte Kinder im Lesen und Schreiben. Alle Kinder konnten ihre Leistungen über die Zeit steigern, wobei der Leistungszuwachs im Lesen bei den inklusiv beschulten Kindern und der Leistungszuwachs im Rechtschreiben bei den exklusiv beschulten Kindern höher ausfiel. Nur für die inklusiv beschulten Kinder ging eine höhere Intelligenz mit höheren Ausgangswerten im Lesen einher. Darüber hinaus waren Vorteile der inklusiv beschulten Mädchen in Bezug auf die Ausgangsleistung im Lesen und Rechtschreiben sowie die Entwicklung der Rechtschreibleistung nachweisbar.

Migrants in Germany participate in health-related self-help groups nearly as frequently as native-born Germans--as long as they have good German language skills and are widely integrated into the main society. However, the situation is different for those migrants who are not or only slightly integrated. Mother-tongue self-help groups of ethnic minorities would offer good chances for health-related self-management and coping; however, these groups are rare. This can partly be explained by the lack of knowledge of many migrants about support possibilities for self-help groups, also because the term "self-help" has no equivalent in many languages. On the other hand, there are many barriers for self-help activities: false shame attributed to certain health problems, fear of de-anonymization in ethnic communities, different concepts of health and illness, a lack of judging the potential of one's own competencies and self-efficacy, and particularly illiteracy. This article describes the relevance of self-help among migrants with special regard to self-organized migrant networks and outlines the current state of discussion within the self-help stakeholders. Finally, potential multipliers, networking examples and qualification measures for promotion of health-related self-help among migrants are presented.