Several studies have highlighted the diagnostic potential of salivary microRNA (miRNA) in head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC). The purpose of this meta-analysis was to summarize published studies and evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of salivary miRNA in HNSCC detection. In this meta-analysis, we systematically searched PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases for studies on miRNA and HNSCC diagnosis. Pooled sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) with a summary receiver-operating characteristic curve were calculated using a bivariate random-effect meta-analysis model. Furthermore, subgroup analyses were conducted to explore the main sources of heterogeneity. Seventeen studies from ten articles, including 23 miRNA and a total of 759 subjects, were included in this meta-analysis. The pooled sensitivity and specificity of salivary miRNA in the diagnosis of HNSCC were 0.697 (95% CI: 0.644–0.744) and 0.868 (95% CI: 0.811–0.910), respectively. The overall area under the curve was 0.803 with a DOR of 12.915 (95% CI: 9.512–17.534). Salivary miRNAs are a promising non-invasive diagnostic biomarker with moderate accuracy for HNSCC. These results must be verified by large-scale prospective studies.

Research about the epidemiology of olfactory dysfunction in Asians was not enough. the purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence and incidence rate of olfactory disorders in Koreans and to evaluate demographic risk factors. We analyzed clinical data of patients with anosmia using Korean National Health Insurance Service data from 2006 to 2016. The data includes medical insurance claim data and medical records of almost 50,000,000 people in Korea. The 30-39 age group showed the highest prevalence (19.25 per 10,000 per year). Their incidence rate was also high comparing other age groups (13.30 per 10,000 per year). The prevalence and the incidence increased from 7.10 to 13.74 and from 5.66 to 9.54 between 2006 and 2016. In the seasonal analysis, the incidence rate was high in spring and autumn. The high-income population showed about 1.4-folds higher incidence rate than the lowincome population. We thought that the socioeconomic status could generally affect the rate of hospital visit in the anosmia population. Anosmia can be frequently underdiagnosed in the clinical environment because the elderly and the low-income people easily underestimate their anosmia symptom and ignore the severity due to their economic problem. therefore careful attention and further studies for anosmia are needed. Olfaction is the sense of smell that chemically detects odorants in the air. Perhaps the most crucial function of olfaction is an early warning system for the detection of fire, leaking of natural gas, contaminated air, and spoiled food 1-4. It also has functions to determine the flavor and palatability of foods and drinks 1,4. Despite many roles of olfaction, it is regarded less importantly compared to vision or hearing 1. Another important reason why the importance of olfactory disorder is overlooked is that we cannot easily detect olfactory depletion 1,5. Young patients with congenital olfactory disorders show tend not to aware of olfactory disturbances of their own 5. So far, there is no standardized diagnostic method for anosmia. Although olfactory event-related potentials (OERPs) and electro-olfactogram (EOG) can be used to objectively measure olfactory function, they have many limitations to be used as an objective diagnostic method until now. For these reasons, psychophysical tests are quite commonly used, such as the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) or Sniffin' Sticks 6-9. UPSIT was developed by American and Sniffin's Sticks test was invented by Germany G. Kobal. UPSIT contains odors in 40 microencapsulations, which are then scratched with a pen and sniffed to identify odors, then identifying the olfactory status by percentiles according to age and gender. UPSIT, however, has a lot of smells that are not familiar to Koreans, and because of the one-time use, it is expensive and involves only an identification test. Therefore, in Korea, Korean Version of Sniffin' Sticks Test (KVSS), which is inexpensive and can be repeatedly conducted, has been developed and used for the diagnosis of a...

In this paper, the centre of electrode is suggested for heat conduction. Therefore, the specific reflow soldering process is needed. The comparison of temperature difference among the different areas of ZnO varistors is analyzed. With the nominal surge current, thermal behavior is analyzed. The operation point of temperature for disconnection is proposed. Accordingly, the thermal runaway-preventing ZnO varistors were covered with a fusible alloy, i.e., a thermal fuse, in the process of manufacture, which is expected to ensure there the liability of being resistant to lightning discharge and to ensure stability against thermal runaway in the failure mode. Additionally, it is expected to reduce much more limit voltage than the existing products to which the fuse was separately applied. The thermal runaway-preventing ZnO varistor of the surge protection devices can be widely used as part of the protection provisions of lightning discharge and surge protection demanded in connection with power IT about Green Growth which is nowadays becoming the buzzword in the electric power industry.

The aim of the study was to investigate the association between metabolic diseases and the risk of head and neck cancer (HNC) using nationwide population-based big data. This retrospective cohort study was conducted using the Korean National Health Insurance Service health checkup database. A total of 4,575,818 participants aged >40 years who received a health checkup in 2008 were enrolled, and we studied the incidence of HNC until 2019. We analyzed the risk of HNC according to the presence of metabolic diseases, such as obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and diabetes. Although metabolic syndrome itself was not associated with HNC, each component of metabolic syndrome was associated with HNC. Underweight and diabetes were risk factors for HNC (HR: 1.694). High total cholesterol and high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were factors that decreased the risk (HR 0.910 and 0.839). When we analyzed men and women separately, low total cholesterol level, low low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, and hypertension were risk factors only in men. In addition, pre-obesity, obesity, and central obesity decreased the risk only in men. Each metabolic disease affects HNC in different ways. Underweight and diabetes increased the risk of HNC, whereas high total cholesterol and high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels decreased the risk of HNC.

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