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We studied the impact of H2 pressure during post-metallization annealing on the chemical composition of a HfO2/Al2O3 gate stack on a HCl wet-cleaned In0.53Ga0.47As substrate by comparing the forming gas annealing (at atmospheric pressure with a H2 partial pressure of 0.04 bar) and H2 high-pressure annealing (H2-HPA at 30 bar) methods. In addition, the effectiveness of H2-HPA on the passivation of the interface states was compared for both p- and n-type In0.53Ga0.47As substrates. The decomposition of the interface oxide and the subsequent out-diffusion of In and Ga atoms toward the high-k film became more significant with increasing H2 pressure. Moreover, the increase in the H2 pressure significantly improved the capacitance‒voltage characteristics, and its effect was more pronounced on the p-type In0.53Ga0.47As substrate. However, the H2-HPA induced an increase in the leakage current, probably because of the out-diffusion and incorporation of In/Ga atoms within the high-k stack.

Global warming-induced changes in the pattern and amount of precipitation are important from the viewpoint of long-term stability of geo-structures. In this paper, the effectiveness of in-plane drainage provided by permeable geosynthetic reinforcement was evaluated as a means to relieve the rainfall infiltration effect on GRS walls backfilled with marginal soil. A series of laboratory tests were performed using a reduced-scale model geosynthetic reinforced soil (GRS) wall (constructed with due consideration of the similitude law) with different rainfall characteristics and backfill soils. Layers of nonwoven geotextiles were used as reinforcement as well as in-plane drainage media. The results showed that the inclusion of internal drainage facilitated the dissipation of pore water pressure, thereby reducing the wall facing displacement. The discharge water volume and volumetric water content data measured in the reinforced soil zone supported the observation. The degree to which the internal drainage improves the deformation behavior of the GRS wall during rainfall was found to depend on the rainfall characteristics and the backfill soil type. Practical implications of the findings are discussed in detail.

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