Introduction: There is evidence that malnutrition during the first 1000 days of life contributes to the development of chronic diseases in adulthood and therefore may produce a lasting impact on the health of the population. Colombia, like other middle-income countries suffers the double burden of malnutrition in pregnant women and children under 5 years. Also, chronic diseases have positioned within the leading causes of morbidity and mortality. Objective: The aim is to estimate the burden of disease of noncommunicable chronic diseases-NCD's (hypertension, obesity, diabetes mellitus II) in adults attributable to nutritional risk factors (no-breastfeeding and low birthweight) in the period of 1000 days in Colombia. Methods: The population attributable fraction and the number of NCD's (hypertension, diabetes mellitus II and obesity) cases due to the risk factors (low birthweight and no-breastfeeding) were estimated. Prevalences of NCD's and risk factors of interest were taken from national health surveys. Effect measures (odds ratios/relative risks) of the associations 1-low birthweight and hypertension, diabetes mellitus II and 2-no-breastfeeding and obesity were obtained after a systematic literature search. Results: It was estimated that not receiving breastfeeding in the 1000 days could contribute up to 29.9% of all cases of obesity, equivalent to about 4,009,779 cases across the country. Low birth weight could contribute up to 2.1% of cases of hypertension in men and to 4.0% of cases in women, equivalent A. Ramírez et al. 387 to 103.769 cases across the country. In addition, low birth weight could contribute to 6.3% of diabetes mellitus II cases, which is equivalent to 23.857 cases in the country. Conclusion: In Colombia, risk factors during the first 1000 days like not receiving breastfeeding and having low birth weight could contribute up to 4,113,549 cases of obesity, hypertension and diabetes mellitus II, with important implications for the health of the population and the Colombian health system.

Background: In rheumatoid arthritis (RA), cigarette smoking affects both rheumatoid factor (RF) and anti-citrullinated cyclic peptide/protein antibody (ACPA) formation, but its association in relation to HLA-DRB1 alleles, especially shared epitope (SE) alleles, have been controversial among different races 1-5 . Furthermore, the impact of cigarette smoking and its cessation on levels of RF and ACPA have not been well documented. Objectives: To investigate the impact of cigarette smoking and cessation on RF and ACPA levels in relation to HLA-DRB1 alleles in the largest RA cohorts in Asians. Methods: A total of 6,239 subjects from two independent Japanese cohorts were enrolled. Their precise smoking histories both before and after the onset of RA were collected in questionnaires. The latest RF and ACPA levels were used (mean disease duration 15.6 years). We defined top quadrant of levels of RF or ACPA as high levels. Associations between smoking status and positivities or high levels of ACPA or RF as well as effects of HLA-DRB1 alleles on the associations were investigated by multiple logistic regression models.Results: Smoking at onset was an independent risk of not only RF and ACPA positivities (RF, odds ratio (OR) 1.52, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.26-1.85, p=1.8x10 -5 ; ACPA, OR 1.39, 95%CI 1.09-1.76, p=6.8x10 -3 ), but also high levels of these autoantibodies, especially RF (OR 2.06, 95% CI 1.70-2.48, p=7.4x10 -14 ; ACPA OR 1.29, 95%CI 1.06-1.57, p=1.2x10 -2 ). The larger ORs of RF than ACPA suggests that RF is more sensitive to cigarette smoking than ACPA. The effects of cigarette smoking were significantly larger in males than in females. The patients who quited smoking before onset had no longer significant risks of high autoantibody levels compared to subjects who had never smoked (RF, OR 1.33, p=0.099; ACPA, OR 1.19, p=0.093), and the risk was gradually attenuated depending on cessation years (RF, 0-10 years OR 1.34, 10-20 years OR 1.31, > 20 years OR 0.97; ACPA, 0-10 years OR 1.38, 10-20 years OR 1.01, > 20 years OR 1.12). The effect of smoking on ACPA positivity and its high level was apparent only in the presence of SE alleles, while the effect on RF positivity and its high level was apparent despite the presence of SE alleles (Table below). Conclusion: Cigarette smoking especially at RA onset is a significant risk of future high levels of ACPA and RF preferentially in males, and RF is more sensitive to smoking status than ACPA. The effect on ACPA is apparent only in the presence of SE alleles, indicating that an interaction between cigarette smoking and SE alleles affects ACPA formation. On the other hand, the effect of cigarette smoking on RF formation may be independent of SE alleles. Our study imply a novel potential mechanism of RA pathogenesis.

"Le récit de Saer et la Fête dans la zone". L'œuvre de Juan José Saer, propose dans plusieurs de ses romans et de ses nouvelles, des fêtes où l'on trouve usuellement des caractères communs : rassemblement autour d'un asado à l'occasion des cycles annuels, dans El limonero real et El entenado, ou encore réunion d'amis pour un anniversaire (Glosa) ou les adieux à un ami ou pour fêter le retour des amis. Sauf dans les premiers cas, plus familiaux, tribaux, ce sont prétextes à description et à une lente observation et au dialogue entre participants, dans des textes où l'action n'est pas dense, comme il arrive dans ces écrits de J. J. Saer. Le sens du typique argentin, le rituel de l'asado et tout ce qu'il implique de rôles précis attribués aux personnages, prend des variantes différentes d'un texte à l'autre, surtout avec la fête anthropophage de El entenado qui est peut-être une quête, non exempte de parodie, des racines anthropologiques d'une coutume argentine. Glosa offre un cas spécial puisque son thème est justement de raconter une fête d'anniversaire à laquelle "tous" ont assisté sauf les deux personnage, l'un simplement absent, l'autre parce qu'il n'était pas invité. Ils essaient de la reconstruire avec la nostalgie des exclus, à travers ce qu'en ont raconté les tiers dont les diverses perspectives se complètent mais aussi se contredisent.

This article analyzes the dominant images of Africa in the field of cooperation and development NGOs. Drawing on critical discourse analysis and the theoretical framework of humanitarian communication for social change, we examine a sample of campaigns by development NGOs, identifying their main narrative resources and their ethical and performative potential. The results suggest that the portrait of Africa is still in consonance with the so-called "shock effect" and its antagonist: "positive imagery". However, we observe the emergence of campaigns conceived from cosmopolitan and co-responsability ethical values, based on "post-humanitarian communication" elements such as abstraction, creativity, humor and subversion of hegemonic senses.