<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Clinical and laboratory studies demonstrate that placebo and nocebo effects influence various symptoms and conditions after the administration of both inert and active treatments. <b><i>Objective:</i></b> There is an increasing need for up-to-date recommendations on how to inform patients about placebo and nocebo effects in clinical practice and train clinicians how to disclose this information. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Based on previous clinical recommendations concerning placebo and nocebo effects, a 3-step, invitation-only Delphi study was conducted among an interdisciplinary group of internationally recognized experts. The study consisted of open- and closed-ended survey questions followed by a final expert meeting. The surveys were subdivided into 3 parts: (1) informing patients about placebo effects, (2) informing patients about nocebo effects, and (3) training clinicians how to communicate this information to the patients. <b><i>Results:</i></b> There was consensus that communicating general information about placebo and nocebo effects to patients (e.g., explaining their role in treatment) could be beneficial, but that such information needs to be adjusted to match the specific clinical context (e.g., condition and treatment). Experts also agreed that training clinicians to communicate about placebo and nocebo effects should be a regular and integrated part of medical education that makes use of multiple formats, including face-to-face and online modalities. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> The current 3-step Delphi study provides consensus-based recommendations and practical considerations for disclosures about placebo and nocebo effects in clinical practice. Future research is needed on how to optimally tailor information to specific clinical conditions and patients’ needs, and on developing standardized disclosure training modules for clinicians.
PurposeThis illustrative case study describes and evaluates drivers of effective inter-organizational collaboration to mitigate the impact and spread of COVID-19 among homeless people in two cities in the Netherlands. The aims of this study are: (1) to explore the strategic and operational policy responses in two local integrated care settings at the start of the crisis, (2) to identify best policy practices and lessons learned. The authors interpret and evaluate the findings by combining insights from the population health management (PHM) and collaborative governance literature.Design/methodology/approachThe authors describe and illustrate the experiences of two Dutch municipalities, Rotterdam and The Hague, in the early policy responses to sudden operational challenges around the impact of COVID-19 on homeless people as experienced by local decision-makers, medical doctors and clients.FindingsThe authors show that best policy practices revolve around (1) using data and risk stratification methods for identifying and targeting populations at-risk in local policy making, and (2) having an inter-organizational data sharing architecture in place ex ante. These two factors were clear prerequisites for tailor-made policy responses for newly-defined groups at risk with the existing and well-documented vulnerable population, and executing crisis-induced tasks efficiently.Originality/valueThis paper is among the first to illustrate the potential of combining collaborative governance and PHM perspectives to identify key drivers of effective local governance responses to a healthcare crisis in an integrated care setting.
SamenvattingEr zijn in Nederland hardnekkige gezondheidsverschillen. Decennia aan beleid hebben die niet kunnen verkleinen. De Raad voor Volksgezondheid & Samenleving pleit voor een heroverweging van de aanpak van sociaaleconomische gezondheidsverschillen. Gezondheidsverschillen zijn niet alleen de uitkomst van ongezond gedrag, maar ook van een complexe ongelijkheid in de samenleving. Die ongelijkheid wordt in het huidige beleid onvoldoende aangepakt. De geschiedenis leert echter dat de volksgezondheid het meest profiteerde van collectieve maatregelen rondom de leefomgeving, bestaanszekerheid en onderwijs. Om gezondheidsverschillen daadwerkelijk te verkleinen, hebben we een nieuwe doorbraak nodig. We moeten op zoek naar het rioleringsstelsel van deze tijd.
SamenvattingIn het Nederlandse zorgbeleid staat een beweging naar meer zorg ‘thuis’ centraal. Daarbij is er echter weinig aandacht voor een goede thuisomgeving. Terwijl juist de leefomgeving van groot belang is voor gezondheid en welzijn. In een gezamenlijk adviestraject pleiten de Raad voor Volksgezondheid & Samenleving en het Atelier Rijksbouwmeester voor meer aandacht voor de sociale waarde van de leefomgeving door het faciliteren van ontmoeting en onderlinge verbondenheid. Dat is wel een weerbarstige opgave: ontmoeting laat zich niet zomaar ‘sturen’ of ‘ontwerpen’. Toch zien we een rol voor nationale en lokale overheden: door betere verbindingen te maken met andere beleidsopgaven en door de kracht van de verbeelding te benutten bij het vormgeven van ruimte voor ontmoeting en het proces daarnaartoe. In een gezamenlijk adviestraject werken we dit thema komend jaar verder uit.
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