Since the 1980s, mangrove cover mapping has become a common scientific task. However, the systematic and continuous identification of vegetation cover, whether on a global or regional scale, demands large storage and processing capacities. This manuscript presents a Google Earth Engine (GEE)-managed pipeline to compute the annual status of Brazilian mangroves from 1985 to 2018, along with a new spectral index, the Modular Mangrove Recognition Index (MMRI), which has been specifically designed to better discriminate mangrove forests from the surrounding vegetation. If compared separately, the periods from 1985 to 1998 and 1999 to 2018 show distinct mangrove area trends. The first period, from 1985 to 1998, shows an upward trend, which seems to be related more to the uneven distribution of Landsat data than to a regeneration of Brazilian mangroves. In the second period, from 1999 to 2018, a trend of mangrove area loss was registered, reaching up to 2% of the mangrove forest. On a regional scale,~85% of Brazil's mangrove cover is in the states of Maranhão, Pará, Amapá and Bahia. In terms of persistence,~75% of the Brazilian mangroves remained unchanged for two decades or more.Globally, mangrove forests are distributed in tropical and subtropical intertidal regions between approximately 30 • N and 30 • S [6]. In 2000, mangrove forests represented a total area of 137,760 km 2 , distributed in 118 countries and making up~1% of the tropical forests in the world [7]. Mangrove forests are an evergreen type of vegetation typically distributed from the mean sea level to the highest spring tide [8] and grow in extreme environmental conditions such as extreme tides, high salinity, high temperatures and muddy anaerobic soils [9].Mangrove systems play an essential role in human sustainability, providing a wide range of ecosystem services, including nutrient cycling, soil formation and wood production. They also provide fish spawning grounds and carbon (C) storage [10][11][12], being one of the most productive and biologically complex ecosystems on earth [13]. Mangroves and coastal wetlands sequester carbon at an annual rate two to four times greater than that of mature tropical forests and store three to five times more carbon per equivalent area than do tropical forests [10]. Despite its importance, this environment is still highly threatened due to population growth and urbanisation processes.Since the 1980s, mapping and change detection in mangrove areas at the global scale have been carried out [7,11,[14][15][16]. However, there are few studies in the current literature that include the systematic and continuous identification of mangroves and associated changes, whether on the global or regional scale. In Brazil, the first national mangrove map was published in 1991 [17], based on airborne real aperture radar data collected from 1972 to 1975. At that time, the national mangrove area was~13,800 km 2 . In the same period, Schaeffer-Novelli et al. [18] described the variability in the mangrove ecosystems along the Brazilian c...

Background Parkinson's disease is responsible for decrease of activities of daily living and mobility limitations. Association of strength with physical capacities and disease time can improve training methodologies and predict changes in physical fitness for this population, since the control center of movements and strength is the same. Objective Therefore, the aim of this study is to analyze if there are correlation between strength with functional tests (the sit-to-stand, the six-minute walk, and the timed-up-go) and disease time in people with Parkinson's disease. Results All functional tests correlations are significant, p < 0.05. The strength is positively correlated with the sit-to-stand and the six-minute walk. The strength is negatively correlated with the timed-up-go. Conclusion There are a correlation between strength with functional tests in people with PD, and changes in strength assessment can be used as predictor to changes in aerobic capacity.

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Aims: The aim of this study is to verify if there is a correlation between functional balance and muscular strength of knee extensors in individuals with Parkinson’s disease.Methods: The sample consisted of 28 volunteers with Parkinson’s disease (age: 65.43±8.48 years, height: 1.68±0.10 cm, weight: 71.50±13.27 kg) classified on the modified Hoehn & Yahr scale. The Four Step Square Test and the isokinetic dynamometer were used to evaluate the dynamic balance and muscular strength of knee extensors, respectively.Results: The peak torque shows a moderate, negative and significant correlation with the Four Step Square Test (right knee: r=-0.471 and p=0.012; left knee: r=-0.444 and p=0.018).Conclusions: There is a negative, moderate and significant association between muscular strength of knee extensors and dynamic balance in Parkinson’s disease individuals.

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