This article presents an analysis of possibilities for electrical energy production by using municipal solid waste disposed in the biggest Brazilian cities. Currently, the municipal solid waste in Brazil is collected and disposed of at landfills, but there are also other technologies, which in addition to dealing with the garbage can also provide benefits in terms of energy provision. The following scenarios were studied in this work: electricity production from landfill gas (reference scenario); incineration of all municipal solid waste; anaerobic digestion of organic waste and incineration of refuse-derived fuel fractions after being separated in separation plants. According to this study, the biggest cities in Brazil generate about 18.9 million tonnes of municipal solid waste per year (2011), of which 51.5% is biogenic matter. The overall domestic consumption of electricity is 480,120 GWh y(-1) in Brazil and the municipal solid waste incineration in the 16 largest cities in the country could replace 1.8% of it using incinerators. The city of São Paulo could produce 637 GWh y(-1) with landfill gas, 2368 GWh y(-1) with incineration of municipal solid waste and 1177 GWh y(-1) with incineration of refuse-derived fuel. The latter two scenarios could replace 27% and 13.5% of the residential electrical energy consumption in the city. This shows that thermal treatment might be a viable option of waste-to-energy in Brazil.
A B S T R A C TDigestion is an attractive alternative in the treatment of waste generated in the agricultural industry, as it treats waste and also produces biogas that can be used in power generation, resulting in both environmental and economic benefits. This study presents the results of anaerobic digestion of cheese whey using swine wastewater as inoculum. Digestion was performed using sequencing batch bioreactors with a total volume of 2.350 mL. In order to evaluate digester efficiency, biogas was collected in a gas meter. Methane concentration in the biogas was determined using a biogas analysis kit, by AlfaKit®. The project was carried out using two different temperatures, which were 32 0 C and 26 0 C, that resulted in the production of 270 and 171 L (kg-sv) -1 of biogas, respectively and a reduction of over 40% in volatile solids in both treatments. The tests show that there is a good potential for the use of whey in the production of biogas and its further conversion into energy.Keywords: agro-industrial waste; anaerobic digestion; methane production; reduction of volatile solids; renewable energy. R E S U M OA biodigestão é uma alternativa atraente no tratamento de alguns resíduos gerados na agroindústria, pois além de tratar o resíduo, produz o biogás que pode ser utilizado na geração de energia. Este trabalho apresenta os resultados de digestão anaeróbia de soro de queijo utilizando água residual de suinocultura como inoculo. A biodigestão foi executada em batelada utilizando biorreatores com volume total de 2.350 mL. Para avaliar a eficiência do biodigestor, o biogás produzido foi coletado em gasômetro, a concentração de metano no biogás foi determinada utilizando kit de Análise de Biogás, da AlfaKit ® . O projeto foi realizado utilizando duas temperaturas diferentes, sendo elas 32 e 26 0 C resultou na produção de 270 e 171 L (kg-sv -1 ) de biogás respectivamente. Os testes realizados mostram que existe um bom potencial para o uso de soro de queijo para a produção de biogás e posterior conversão deste em energia.Palavras chave: biodigestão, energia renovável, produção de metano, redução de sólidos voláteis, resíduo agroindustrial.
R E S U M OO presente trabalho teve por objetivo realizar o processo de biodigestão anaeróbia de material plástico polimérico biodegradável à base de fécula de mandioca, utilizando-se de biodigestores de escala laboratorial com modo de operação batelada. Utilizou-se água residual estabilizada de suinocultura como matéria-prima e copos plásticos biodegradáveis produzidos a partir de fécula de mandioca para a produção de biogás. A experiência foi desenvolvida utilizando-se es-ȱȱ³¨ȱàęǰȱȱȱ£ȱŚȱȱȱȱȱȱȱŖǰȱŚŖǰȱŗŘŖȱȱŘŖŖȱȱȱȱ biodegradável nos reatores de cada tratamento, respetivamente. A partir dos resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que polímeros biodegradáveis produzidos a partir de fécula de mandioca (PBM), apresentam elevada biodegradabilidade ǻ¡ȱȱ³¨ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ·ȱŝśǰŘƖȱȱŝşǰřƖǰȱǼȱȱȱȱ¨ȱàȱȱȱ àęǯȱ ȱȱ³¨ȱȱ¤ȱȱȱÇȱȱ·ȱȱȱȱȱȬȱ³äȱ ȱ·ȱŗŘŝŚȱȱ Ȭŗ ǯȱȱÇȱȱ¤ȱȱȱǰȱȱ³äȱȱ ȱȱ-¨ȱȱȱę³¨ȱȱȱȱȱ³¨ȱȱ¤ȱ¤ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ³¨ȱȱŗŘŖȱȱŘŖŖȱȱȱ ǯȱ Palavras-chave: biocombustíveis, biodegradação, bioenergia, biogás, resíduos agroindustriais. ABSTRACTThe present work aimed to perform the process of anaerobic digestion of biodegradable polymeric material based on cassava starch, by using laboratory-scale digesters running on batch operation. We used stabilized swine wastewater as raw material and degradable plastic cups made from cassava starch for the production of biogas. The experiment was carried out in greenhouses under mesophilic conditions. Four treatments were performed, received concentrations ȱŗŘǯśǰȱřŝǯśȱȱŜŘǯśȱǯ Ȭŗ ǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱŚŖǰȱŗŘŖȱȱŘŖŖȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ each treatment, respectively. From the partial results obtained, it was possible to conclude that biodegradable cassava starch-based polymers show high biodegradability when subjected to anaerobic digestion in mesophilic phase. The elevated production of biogas in a short time span is another remarkable factor. Due to the easy degradability of the ǰȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱęȱ ȱȱȱ production of volatile acids.
This study aims to investigate, gather and clearly explain the main methods used to clean and purify biogas, with the removal of compounds such as hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide and water, highlighting the techniques which present higher efficiency in the treatment of gas, increasing the calorific value of biogas, thus avoiding corrosion and damage to metal parts and making this gas with characteristics closest as possible to natural gas. Through this information, it is possible to conclude that there are several technologies in development based on the main techniques which are already widespread for the natural gas, aiming a better harnessing of biogas, in a way that it can be appropriately used without restriction in the energy matrix. However, further research should be conducted aiming to reconcile the efficiency factor with the cost-benefit of these purification processes.Keywords: renewable energies; hydrogen sulfide; methane. Detalhamento das principais tecnologias disponíveis para purificação de biogás ResumoO presente trabalho visa investigar, reunir e explicar de forma clara os principais métodos empregados na limpeza e purificação do biogás retirando compostos como sulfeto de hidrogênio, dióxido de carbono e água, evidenciando as técnicas que apresentam maior eficiência neste tratamento aumentando o poder calorífico do biogás, evitando a corrosão e os danos em peças metálicas tornando este gás com características mais próximas o possível do gás natural. Através do apanhado de informações é possível concluir que existem diversas tecnologias em desenvolvimento com base principal em técnicas já difundidas para o gás natural visando melhor aproveitamento do biogás, de modo que ele possa ser utilizado apropriadamente sem restrições na matriz energética. No entanto mais pesquisas devem ser desenvolvidas visando conciliar o fator eficiência com o custo beneficio destes processos de purificação.Palavras-chave: energias renováveis; sulfeto de hidrogênio; metano. Detallamiento de las principales tecnologías disponibles para la purificación de biogás ResumenEl presente estudio tiene como objetivo investigar, recopilar y explicar claramente los principales métodos utilizados en la limpieza y la purificación del biogás retirando compuestos como el sulfuro de hidrógeno, dióxido de carbono y agua, poniendo en evidencia las técnicas que tienen una mayor eficiencia en este tratamiento, aumentando el pode calorífico del biogás, la prevención de la corrosión y los daños en las partes metálicas, tornando este gas con características más cercanas a el potencial del gas natural. A través del ayuntado de informaciones se puede concluir que hay varias tecnologías en fase de desarrollo con base principal en las técnicas ya existentes para el gas natural, visando mejor utilización del biogás, de modo que pueda ser utilizado adecuadamente sin restricciones en la matriz energética. Sin embargo, adicionales investigaciones deben ser desarrolladas para conciliar el factor de eficiencia con el costo beneficio de estos pr...
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