SUMMARY Heterosis is extensively used to improve crop productivity, yet its allelic and chromatin regulation remains unclear. Based on our resolved genomes of the maternal TGY and paternal HD, we analyzed the contribution of allele‐specific expression (ASE) and chromatin accessibility of JGY and HGY, the artificial hybrids of oolong tea with the largest cultivated area in China. The ASE genes (ASEGs) of tea hybrids with maternal‐biased were mainly related to the energy and terpenoid metabolism pathways, whereas the ASEGs with paternal‐biased tend to be enriched in glutathione metabolism, and these parental bias of hybrids may coordinate and lead to the acquisition of heterosis in more biological pathways. ATAC‐seq results showed that hybrids have significantly higher accessible chromatin regions (ACRs) compared with their parents, which may confer broader and stronger transcriptional activity of genes in hybrids. The number of ACRs with significantly increased accessibility in hybrids was much greater than decreased, and the associated alleles were also affected by differential ACRs across different parents, suggesting enhanced positive chromatin regulation and potential genetic effects in hybrids. Core ASEGs of terpene and purine alkaloid metabolism pathways with significant positive heterosis have greater chromatin accessibility in hybrids, and were potentially regulated by several members of the MYB, DOF and TRB families. The binding motif of CsMYB85 in the promoter ACR of the rate‐limiting enzyme CsDXS was verified by DAP‐seq. These results suggest that higher numbers and more accessible ACRs in hybrids contribute to the regulation of ASEGs, thereby affecting the formation of heterotic metabolites.

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In this paper, we study Kolmogorov type theorems for small perturbations of certain degenerate Hamiltonian systems, indexed by a parameter ξ, with H(y, x, ξ) = ω(ξ), y + εP(y, x, ξ, ε), where ε > 0. We assume the frequency map ω is continuous about ξ, and the perturbation function P(y, x, •, ε) is Hölder continuous about ξ. We prove that persistent invariant tori possess the same frequency as the unperturbed tori, under certain topological degree condition and weak convexity condition for the frequency mapping. To our knowledge, this is the first results about KAM theorem under similar settings, with only Hölder continuous dependence of P on the parameter.

Background Aconitum carmichaelii, the mother root of Aconitum, has a long‐applied history for treating many diseases in China. Increased use of it has prompted significant concerns regarding its extensive cardiotoxicity and neurotoxicity. The molecular mechanisms underlying A. carmichaelii‐induced neurotoxicity are poorly understood. Methods We took advantage of the zebrafish model to investigate the neurotoxic mechanism of A. carmichaelii. In addition to the behavior and neuronal activity testing, gene expression of neuronal oxidative stress, and apoptosis levels were also analyzed. Results In contrast to the excitatory effect of low‐dose A. carmichaelii decoction, hypoactivity of locomotor behavior, and neural activity, especially telencephalon, were detected in the 20 mg/mL group. High doses of A. carmichaelii induced excessive ROS by downregulating DJ‐1 and activating Nox5, and further triggered cell apoptosis through the bax/bcl2a‐caspase‐9 pathway in zebrafish larva. Mitochondrial protection‐related genes PinK1 and Parkin were upregulated to protect against mitochondrial dysfunction during cellular stress. The ROS scavenger‐NAC significantly alleviated neurotoxicity in the 20 mg/mL group. Conclusion The study reveals the potential mechanism of A. carmichaelii‐induced neurotoxicity and provides new insights into a significant risk marker of A. carmichaelii poisoning.