Most definitions of literature have been criterial definitions, definitions based on a list of criteria which all literary works must meet. However, more current theories of meaning take the view that definitions are based on prototypes: there is broad agreement about good examples that meet all of the prototypical characteristics, and other examples are related to the prototypes by family resemblance. For literary works, prototypical characteristics include careful use of language, being written in a literary genre (poetry, prose fiction, or drama), being read aesthetically, and containing many weak implicatures.
In kontrastiven Analysen werden Phoneme oft als isolierte Einheiten betrachtet; so wird z.B. das /i:/ im Englischen mit dem /i:/ im Französischen verglichen. Die tagmemische Theorie besteht jedoch darauf, daß alle sprachlichen Einheiten zusätzlich auch syntagmatisch und paradigmatisch beschrieben werden müssen. Das fuhrt zu besseren Einsichten in die Ähnlichkeiten und Verschiedenheiten der zu vergleichenden Sprachen.Dans les analyses contrastives les phonemes sont souvent traites comme des unites isolees, dans ce sens par exemple que le /ij de l'anglais est compare au /i:/ du franqais. La theorie tagmemique implique pourtant que toutes les unites doivent en plus etre decrites syntagmatiquement et paradigmatiquement. On arrivera ainsi ä une meilleure comprehension des ressemblances et des differences entre les langues qu'il s'agit de comparer.
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