The incorporation of foreign elements into ZnO nanostructures is of significant interest for tuning the structure and optical and electrical properties in nanoscale optoelectronic devices. In this study, Ga-doped 1-D ZnO nanorods were synthesized using a hydrothermal route, in which the doping content of Ga was varied from 0% to 10%. The pn heterojunction diodes based on the n-type Ga-doped ZnO nanorod/p-type Si substrates were constructed, and the effect of the Ga doping on the morphology, chemical bonding structure, and optical properties of the ZnO nanorods was systematically investigated as well as the diode performance. With increasing Ga content, the average diameter of the ZnO nanorods was increased, whereas the amount of oxygen vacancies was reduced. In addition, the Ga-doped ZnO nanorod/p-Si diodes showed a well-defined rectifying behavior in the I-V characteristics and an improvement in the electrical conductivity (diode performance) by the Ga doping, which was attributed to the increased charge carrier (electron) concentration and the reduced defect states in the nanorods by incorporating Ga. The results suggest that Ga doping is an effective way to tailor the morphology, optical, electronic, and electrical properties of ZnO nanorods for various applications such as field-effect transistors (FETs), light-emitting diodes (LEDs), and laser diodes (LDs).

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In Part I of this two-part paper, we introduce several possible methods for integrating wind power, price-responsive demand and other distributed energy resources (DERs). These methods differ with respect to information exchange requirements, computational complexity, and physical implementability. A novel look-ahead interactive dispatch that internalizes inter-temporal constraints at the DERs level, and dispatches the results of distributed decisions subject to spatial security constraints, is proposed as a possible effective algorithm. This method requires only the use of today's static security-constrained economic dispatch (SCED) by the system operators. The optimization accounting for inter-temporal constraints, and ramping rates in particular, is done by the DERs while they create their own supply and demand functions. To implement this method, today's supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) needs to be transformed into a multi-directional, multi-layered information exchange system. Index Terms-Advanced metering infrastructure (AMI), congestion-constrained look-ahead dispatch, dynamic monitoring and decision-making systems (DYMONDS), intermittent resources, look-ahead economic dispatch, model predictive control (MPC), price-responsive demand, security-constrained economic dispatch (SCED), security-constrained unit commitment (SCUC), supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA).

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