Two-unit tandem organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) employing two kinds of interconnecting structures, i.e.

Two organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) using the hole current structures of 2:1 NPB:MoO 3 5 nm/2:1 CBP:MoO 3 5 nm/CBP and 2:1 NPB:MoO 3 10 nm/CBP have been fabricated, where NPB and CBP stand for N,N -bis-(1-naphthl)-diphenyl-1,1 -biphenyl-4,4diamine and 4,4 -N,N -dicarbazole-biphenyl, respectively. Despite that 2:1 CBP:MoO 3 is proven to be more resistive than 2:1 NPB:MoO 3 via comparing the I-V characteristics of the hole-only devices, the former OLED using two p-doped layers shows significantly improved I-V characteristics over the latter one using a single p-doped layer, mostly because the whole barrier height for hole transport across the 2:1 NPB:MoO 3 /2:1 CBP:MoO 3 and 2:1 CBP:MoO 3 /CBP interfaces in the former device is 0.22 eV smaller than that for hole transport across the 2:1 NPB:MoO 3 /CBP interface in the latter device. We provide a simple, effective method to enhance the hole current in OLEDs.

Inverted bottom‐emission organic light emitting diodes (IBOLEDs) using MoO3 for both hole and electron injections were fabricated. The IBOLED using 10 nm MoO3 for hole injection and 5 nm MoO3/5 nm Li2CO3 doped bathocuproine (Li2CO3:BCP, 1:4 in mass) for electron injection showed nearly same I–V characteristics as the reference device utilizing 10 nm MoO3 for hole injection and 10 nm 1:4 Li2CO3:BCP for electron injection, whereas, the former device provided increased current efficiencies than the latter device, as a result of the relieved diffusion of n‐typed dopant into the emissive layer in the former device. We provide an efficient, low‐cost alternative to realizing the electron injection in IBOLEDs.

Objective: To explore susceptibility genes and pathways for non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCL/P).Materials and methods: Two genome-wide association studies (GWAS) datasets, including 858 NSCL/P cases and 1,248 controls, were integrated with expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) dataset identified by Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project in whole-blood samples. The expression of the candidate genes in mouse orofacial development was inquired from FaceBase. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was visualized to identify protein functions. Go and KEGG pathway analyses were performed to explore the underlying risk pathways.Results: A total of 233 eQTL single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 432 candidate genes were identified to be associated with the risk of NSCL/P. One hundred and eighty-three susceptible genes were expressed in mouse orofacial development according to FaceBase. PPI network analysis highlighted that these genes involved in ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis (KCTD7, ASB1, UBOX5, ANAPC4) and DNA synthesis (XRCC3, RFC3, KAT5, RHNO1) were associated with the risk of NSCL/P. GO and KEGG pathway analyses revealed that the fatty acid metabolism pathway (ACADL, HSD17B12, ACSL5, PPT1, MCAT) played an important role in the development of NSCL/P. Conclusions: Our results identified novel susceptibility genes and pathways associated with the development of NSCL/P.

Inverted bottom‐emission organic light emitting diodes (IBOLEDs) employing the electron injection structure of indium tin oxide (ITO)/1,4,5,8‐naphthalene‐tetracarboxylic‐dianhydride (NTCDA)/Li2CO3 doped bathocuproine (BCP) (1:4 Li2CO3:BCP) were fabricated, where NTCDA and BCP stand for NTCDA and BCP, respectively. The NTCDA on ITO was characterized crystalline and n‐doped as a result of the interaction between ITO and NTCDA. Compared to the IBOLED using the electron injection structure of ITO/10 nm 1:4 Li2CO3:BCP, the one utilizing the electron injection structure of ITO/3 nm NTCDA/7 nm 1:4 Li2CO3:BCP showed the remarkable increases in both current density and efficiency, mainly due to the higher electron conductivity of n‐doped NTCDA than that of n‐doped BCP. The dependence of the current conduction in IBOLED on the thickness of NTCDA was investigated. We provide a simple method to significantly enhance the performance of IBOLEDs.