Plant phylogeny constrains orchid mycorrhizal (OrM) fungal community composition in some orchids. Here, we investigated the structures of the OrM fungal communities of eight Dendrobium species in one niche to determine whether similarities in the OrM fungal communities correlated with the phylogeny of the host plants and whether the Dendrobium-OrM fungal interactions are phylogenetically conserved. A phylogeny based on DNA data was constructed for the eight coexisting Dendrobium species, and the OrM fungal communities were characterized by their roots. There were 31 different fungal lineages associated with the eight Dendrobium species. In total, 82.98% of the identified associations belonging to Tulasnellaceae, and a smaller proportion involved members of the unknown Basidiomycota (9.67%). Community analyses revealed that phylogenetically related Dendrobium tended to interact with a similar set of Tulasnellaceae fungi. The interactions between Dendrobium and Tulasnellaceae fungi were significantly influenced by the phylogenetic relationships among the Dendrobium species. Our results provide evidence that the mycorrhizal specificity in the eight coexisting Dendrobium species was phylogenetically conserved.

It has been well established that some Armillaria species are symbionts of Polyporus umbellatus, However, little is known about the evolutionary history of P. umbellatus-Armillaria associations. In this research, we used an analysis based on the strength of the phylogenetic signal to investigate P. umbellatus-Armillaria associations in 57 sclerotial samples across 11 provinces of China. We isolated Armillaria strains from the invasion cavity inside the sclerotia of P. umbellatus and then phylogenetically analyzed these Armillaria isolates. We also tested the effect of P. umbellatus and Armillaria phylogenies on the P. umbellatus-Armillaria associations. We isolated forty-seven Armillaria strains from 26 P. umbellatus sclerotial samples. All Armillaria isolates were classified into the 5 phylogenetic lineages found in China except for one singleton. Among the 5 phylogenetic lineages, one lineage (lineage 8) was recognized by delimitation of an uncertain phylogenetic lineage in previous study. Results of simple Mantel test implied that phylogenetically related P. umbellatus populations tend to interact with phylogenetically related Armillaria species. Phylogenetic network analyses revealed that the interaction between P. umbellatus and Armillaria is significantly influenced by the phylogenetic relationships between the Armillaria species.

In July 2016, a virus strain (JCC12-12) was isolated from Culicoides collected in Jiangcheng County, Yunnan Province, China. The JCC12-12 virus was sequenced using next-generation sequencing; a 9294-nt-long sequence with a G + C content of 35.63% was obtained by assembly and splicing. Phylogenetic analysis of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase domain (RdRP) amino acid sequence showed that JCC12-12 virus shared the evolutionary branch of the Fort Crockett virus strain 22503a, isolated from Paracoccus marginatus in the United States; these viruses shared 87.5% homology, while the nucleotide homology of the JCC12-12 virus with other negeviruses was <50.8%, suggesting that JCC12-12 virus isolated from Culicoides was Fort Crockett virus. This is the first report of the Fort Crockett virus isolated from Culicoides.

To effectively remove the toxic dyes from wastewater, sodium alginate (SA)/𝜷-cyclodextrin(𝜷-CD) nanofibrous composite membranes with average fiber diameters of 167-174 nm are obtained by an electrospinning method. The adsorption capacity of the SA/𝜷-CD membrane for methylene blue is 2776 mg g -1 , much higher than that of a pure SA membrane (1780 mg g -1 ). The incorporation of 𝜷-CD also improves the adsorption rate significantly. The adsorption mechanism is mainly the synergy of the electrostatic attraction of SA and the host-guest interaction of 𝜷-CD. Meanwhile, the SA/𝜷-CD nanofibrous membranes can be used in a wide pH range, and maintain excellent adsorption capacity after four cycles. The rapid adsorption efficiency and excellent adsorption capacity of SA/𝜷-CD nanofibrous membrane endows great potential in the field of wastewater treatment.

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