The spatial arrangement of plasmonic nanoparticles can dramatically affect their interaction with electromagnetic waves, which offers an effective approach to systematically control their optical properties and manifest new phenomena. To this end, significant efforts were made to develop methodologies by which the assembly structure of metal nanoparticles can be controlled with high precision. Herein, recent advances in bottom-up chemical strategies toward the well-controlled assembly of plasmonic nanoparticles, including multicomponent and multifunctional systems are reviewed. Further, it is discussed how the progress in this area has paved the way toward the construction of smart dynamic nanostructures capable of on-demand, reversible structural changes that alter their properties in a predictable and reproducible manner. Finally, this review provides insight into the challenges, future directions, and perspectives in the field of controlled plasmonic assemblies.

The self‐assembly of nanoscale building blocks into complex nanostructures with controlled structural anisotropy can open up new opportunities for realizing active nanomaterials exhibiting spatiotemporal structural transformations. Here, a combination of bottom‐up DNA‐directed self‐assembly and top‐down photothermal patterning is adopted to fabricate free‐standing nanoparticle films with vertical and lateral heterogeneity. This approach involves the construction of multicomponent plasmonic nanoparticle films by DNA‐directed layer‐by‐layer (LbL) self‐assembly, followed by on‐demand lateral patterning by the direct photothermal writing method. The distinct plasmonic properties of nanospheres and nanorods constituting the multidomain films enable photopatterning in a selective domain with precisely controlled vertical depths. The photopatterned films exhibit complex morphing actions instructed by the lateral and vertical patterns inscribed in the film as well as the information carried in DNA.

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Basalt fiber (BF) is an environmentally friendly material which can reduce environmental problem. In this study, CF/BF composite materials that can reduce the volume of carbon fiber (CF) by hybridizing BF and CF were studied. BF was specially laminated on the surface of CF so that the CF does not come into contact with the external environment. Basalt fibers were designed based on the arrangement angles and volume fraction. Evaluation by tensile, bending and intermittent shear tests, showed that the volume fraction of BF was more influential than the arrangement angles. When the volume fraction of BF was approximately 27%, high mechanical properties were obtained at all arrangement angles used in this experiment.