Suillus lakei is an ectomycorrhizal fungus native to North America and known in Europe, South America, and New Zealand. This contribution aims to illustrate the worldwide biogeography of S. lakei based on sporocarp records. Species distribution modeling was used to assess the suitable niche distribution of S. lakei, based on the climatic variables as well as distribution of its ectomycorrhizal partner, Douglas fir. In general, distribution of suitable niches of S. lakei greatly overlaps with the distribution of Douglas fir in North America. By spatial distribution modeling, we found that the precipitation of the coldest quarters, isothermality, and annual mean temperature are important factors influencing the potential distribution of S. lakei. Nevertheless, the most crucial factor limiting expansion of S. lakei in its invasion range is Douglas fir occurrence. This factor reached an 86.4% contribution for the S. lakei species distribution model. Additionally, we compare the aboveground and belowground presence of S. lakei based on surveys in the field. Our study shows that even extremely low abundance of ectomycorrhizas can open the possibility of using an ectomycorrhiza survey for their quantification as a good indicator of the presence of S. lakei in field conditions. Both sporocarps and ectomycorrhizas occurred only in gardens, where Douglas fir seedlings were outplanted at the beginning of the 1990s as an ornamental plant. Presumably, international trade of ornamental plants was one possible route of introduction of S. lakei to Poland.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s00572-018-0836-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

‘Jar rzeki Raduni’ is a landscape nature reserve created in 1972, which covers an area of 74,26 ha. The reserve protects the Radunia river gorge in the moraine upland of the Kashubian Lake District. In past, the reserve was an object of numerous botanical studies, and it was distinguished by a large share of mountain species. The main aim of this research was to define the current state of mountain species of the studied area compared to historical data. The study was carried out in 2017. Eight mountain species were noted: Aconitum variegatum, Alnus incana, Bupleurum longifolium, Chaerophyllum hirsutum, Dryopteris expansa, Huperzia selago, Pleurospermum austriacum and Ribes alpinum. The occurrence of five species was not confirmed: Coeloglossum viride, Epipogium aphyllum, Melampyrum sylvaticum, Polygonatum verticillatum and Valeriana sambucifolia.

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A comprehensive study of a typical steppe perennial

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