BackgroundPayment programs based on milk quality (PPBMQ) are used in several countries around the world as an incentive to improve milk quality. One of the principal milk parameters used in such programs is the bulk tank somatic cell count (BTSCC). In this study, using data from an average of 37,000 farms per month in Brazil where milk was analyzed, BTSCC data were divided into different payment classes based on milk quality. Then, descriptive and graphical analyses were performed. The probability of a change to a worse payment class was calculated, future BTSCC values were predicted using time series models, and financial losses due to the failure to reach the maximum bonus for the payment based on milk quality were simulated.ResultsIn Brazil, the mean BTSCC has remained high in recent years, without a tendency to improve. The probability of changing to a worse payment class was strongly affected by both the BTSCC average and BTSCC standard deviation for classes 1 and 2 (1000–200,000 and 201,000–400,000 cells/mL, respectively) and only by the BTSCC average for classes 3 and 4 (401,000–500,000 and 501,000–800,000 cells/mL, respectively). The time series models indicated that at some point in the year, farms would not remain in their current class and would accrue financial losses due to payments based on milk quality.ConclusionThe BTSCC for Brazilian dairy farms has not recently improved. The probability of a class change to a worse class is a metric that can aid in decision-making and stimulate farmers to improve milk quality. A time series model can be used to predict the future value of the BTSCC, making it possible to estimate financial losses and to show, moreover, that financial losses occur in all classes of the PPBMQ because the farmers do not remain in the best payment class in all months.
-The objective was to evaluate the effects of corn silage supplemented with 1-propanol or inoculated with L. buchneri on the ruminal fermentation profile, digestibility, and production traits of lactating Holstein cows. Whole-corn plants were harvested at 350 g/kg dry matter (DM) and packed in nine bag silos (13 t/silo). At ensiling, two treatments were applied: control (no additive; six silos) and L. buchneri inoculation with 1 × 10 5 cfu/g (three silos). Feeding started after 247 days of storage; one L. buchneri and two control silos were opened in each experimental period. Twenty-one multiparous Holstein cows (~33 kg/day of milk) were allocated to seven balanced 3 × 3 Latin squares with 21-day periods (14 days of adaptation). The experimental diets contained (DM basis): 80 g/kg cottonseed, 95 g/kg citrus pulp, 180 g/kg soybean meal, 90 g/kg corn grain (ground), 25 g/kg minerals and vitamins premix, and 530 g/kg of corn silage. Source of corn silage was the only difference between experimental treatments: control, L. buchneri, or control silage supplemented with 1-propanol (10 g/kg of diet DM). The 1-propanol was dissolved in water (1:1) and sprinkled onto the ration during mixing, immediately before each feeding. Dry matter intake, nutrient digestibility, milk yield, and composition were not affected by treatments. Cows fed 1-propanol had greater concentrations of 1-propanol in the rumen fluid, higher concentration of glucose, and lower concentration of non-esterified fatty acids in blood plasma. Corn silage inoculated with L. buchneri at 1 × 10 5 cfu/g does not affect silage fermentation, ruminal fermentation profile, or milk production. Supplementation of 1-propanol at 10 g/kg affects the ruminal fermentation profile without affecting feed intake and milk production of mid-lactating dairy cows.Key Words: aerobic stability, alcohol, heterofermentative inoculant, voluntary feed intake Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia
À minha família, especialmente meus pais e irmão, pelo incentivo nos estudos e apoio que me deram em todas as escolhas que fiz. À Raquel Rybandt pelo companheirismo, paciência e apoio em todos os momentos. Ao meu orientador Prof. Dr. Paulo Fernando Machado, pela oportunidade de ser seu orientado, pelos conselhos e ensinamentos. O treinamento que recebi me preparou, não somente para ser um bom profissional, como também para a vida. Aos colegas e amigos de laboratório Helen Krystine da Silva, Renata Coutinho, Maximiliano H. de Oliveira Pasetti, Janielen da Silva e Larissa N. de Freitas pela amizade, companheirismo e auxílio nos trabalhos realizados. Ao Marcos Busannello, pela amizade e o grande auxílio que prestou na condução desse trabalho, principalmente nas análises estatísticas. À "Clínica do Leite" da ESALQ-USP e ao seu time de colaboradores, especialmente ao Augusto Lima, Júlio Meirelles e Débora Horn, pelo suporte, por fornecerem o banco de dados necessário para a realização desse trabalho e pelo auxílio nas publicações realizadas durante o doutoramento. Ao programa de pós-graduação "Ciência Animal e Pastagens" da ESALQ-USP e aos professores do Departamento de Zootecnia, principalmente ao Prof. Dr. Gerson Barreto Mourão e à Prof.ª Dr. Carla Maris Machado Bittar, pelos ensinamentos, pela participação no meu comitê de orientação e qualificação, bem como pelas sugestões para aprimorar esse trabalho.
O trabalho teve como objetivo analisar alguns parâmetros de eficiência econômica de propriedades rurais fumicultoras relacionando-os com diferentes níveis de diversificação e disponibilidade de fatores de produção. Foram utilizados dados primários do ano agrícola 2009/2010 de 66 propriedades produtoras de tabaco de diferentes regiões de Santa Catarina, obtidos pelo software de gestão CONTAGRI. As propriedades foram divididas em quatro grupos: especializadas (ESP); baixa diversificação (BDIV); média diversificação (MDIV) e alta diversificação (ADIV). A análise considerou os indicadores de eficiência econômica MB e RL/SAU e MB e RL/UTH como variáveis respostas, além de um conjunto de variáveis explicativas. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística multivariada. Os resultados indicam a alta rentabilidade por área nas propriedades especializadas na cultura do fumo, enquanto que a diversificação é dependente de maior disponibilidade de área, mão de obra e capital. Conclui-se que para substituir a cultura do fumo nas propriedades com grande limitação de área, são necessárias políticas que proporcionam a tecnificação de atividades para gerar renda compatível e suficiente para a manutenção das famílias.
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