Unifying quantum and classical physics has proved difficult as their postulates are conflicting. Using the notion of counts of the fundamental measures-length, mass, and time-a unifying description is resolved. A theoretical framework is presented in a set of postulates by which a conversion between expressions from quantum and classical physics can be made. Conversions of well-known expressions from different areas of physics (quantum physics, gravitation, optics and cosmology) exemplify the approach and mathematical procedures. The postulated integer counts of fundamental measures change our understanding of length, suggesting that our current understanding of reality is distorted.

Presenting a unified model of motion and gravity has proved difficult as current approaches to quantum and classical physics are incompatible. Using measurement quantization-a model that demonstrates the physical significance of Planck's units of length, mass, and time-measure is expressed as counts of the fundamental units establishing a common framework for describing quantum and cosmological phenomena with expressions that are defined throughout the entire physical domain. Beginning with the Pythagorean Theorem, we demonstrate an understanding of measure with respect to static and moving references. The model is extended to include the measure of mass thus completing a single approach for describing the contraction and dilation of measure. With this new approach, relativistic effects are now described as properties of quantized finite units of measure. In support of the model, several descriptions of phenomena are resolved that match our most precise data such as the measure of dark energy, universal expansion, mass distribution, and the age of the Cosmic Microwave Background.

A physical description of the orbital mechanics of stars around a galactic core has proved difficult. Notably, there is insufficient mass to account for observed star velocities. The mystery is one of few in modern science that defy the known laws of physics. It has been conjectured that there is a new form of matter that interacts gravitationally while otherwise remaining undetectable. In this paper we resolve the mystery. The expressions do not modify the known laws of physics, contain no free variables or fitting and are entirely classical in nature. Using the notion of counts of the fundamental measures-length, mass and time-it is shown that measure is bounded. Accounting for this bound and the expansion of space reveal that the conjecture is unnecessary thus resolving the dark matter mystery.Units differ slightly from that resolved with measurement quantization, the latter units referred to as fundamental units and distinguished with a subscript f. By first describing gravity using the Pythagorean Theorem an approach to bounded measure may be applied. Resolving the upper bound to mass counts with respect to counts of the remaining two measures allows us to describe galactic orbital dynamics. Each relation is tightly constrained, a function of constants. When applied to the Milky Way, the minimum mass density, the crossover point between Newtonian and non-Newtonian behavior and the associated mass and velocity curves are resolved. The expansion of space is also integrated.Most importantly, a classical description is presented that does not require the presence of dark matter.After applying the approach to existing Milky Way data, the expressions are then modeled with an even mass distribution to demonstrate what an average of thousands of galaxies would look like. As expected, orbital velocities flat-line.The magnitude of that velocity is correlated to the excess mass above the mass frequency bound (i.e. the upper count bound of mass with respect to time).The presentation addresses the ΛCDM [1] dark matter distribution presently considered the leading candidate with respect to this phenomenon. Expressions for each distribution are presented, but ΛCDM is not used to resolve the distribution values. Instead measurement quantization [2] is used; an approach which differs from the Standard Model only in that it recognizes the physical significance of smallest units of measure. The advantage of this approach is that a base expression with no free variables may be resolved. The approach allows an inspection that resolves a concise understanding of distribution traits and differences.Also addressed are existing proposals. For one, MOND models have provided a good correlation with observed star velocities. Alternatives such as that used by McCulloch modify inertial mass by assuming it is caused by Unruh radiation [3]. Each of these approaches incorporates some element of data dependence, but it is their dependence on less established mass distribution and expansion expressions (i.e. ΛCDM) that present conflicts. The ...

Developing a comprehensive model of the early universe that describes events and conditions prior to recombination has proved difficult. Using a new approach, we express Heisenberg's uncertainty principle in terms of measures and counts of those measures to resolve an expression consisting entirely of counts. The description allows us to resolve explicit values for discrete measures. With these values, we present new expressions describing the earliest epoch and the transition event that initiates expansion. We determine the quantity, age, density, and temperature of the cosmic microwave background (CMB). Moreover, we approach the CMB power spectrum anew, describing each mass/energy distribution, its physical significance, its peak temperature, and the effects of relativity. We do not engage in fitting or modification of the existing laws of physics. The approach is classical and correlates both quantum and cosmological phenomena with descriptive expressions that are measurable, verifiable, and falsifiable.

Providing for a comprehensive model of physics that describes both the discrete and non-discrete behavior of matter has proved difficult and elusive. Using a new approach, we express Heisenberg's uncertainty principle in terms of measure and counts of those measures to resolve an expression consisting entirely of counts. Three arguments are presented each identifying one property of measure. Firstly, the three measures-length, mass and time-are each shown to have a physically significant lower bound. Secondly, each measure is shown to be discrete throughout the entire measurement domain. And thirdly, measure is shown to be the result of three frames of reference: the observer, the observed and the universe. Using these observations alone, the model resolves values for Planck's constant, the gravitational constant and gravitational curvature.