The aim of this study was to evaluate two new types of experimental weaning microdiets for fish larvae, using the same formulation, but with different manufacturing processes, microextrusion marumerization (MEM) and particle‐assisted rotational agglomeration (PARA). Both microdiets were compared to a commercial microdiet, Otohime™ (OTO), during the weaning of the fine flounder, Paralichthys adspersus. Weaning was achieved by cofeeding with live food from 40 to 50 d after hatch (d.a.h.). Thereafter, only the microdiets were fed to the end of the study (60 d.a.h.), where the total length, dry weight, and survival rates were 15.9 ± 3.20, 14.3 ± 1.72, and 14.4 ± 2.28 mm; 8.83 ± 3.40, 5.53 ± 2.85, and 7.10 ± 3.56 mg; 18.1, 16.3, and 15.2%, for OTO, MEM, and PARA, respectively. The dry weight and total length were significantly higher (P < 0.05) for larvae fed OTO compared with those fed MEM. There were no differences between the other comparisons. Based on these results, any of the two experimental microdiets can be used for future investigations. However, we recommend the PARA microdiets because the manufacturing process produces less‐dense and smaller particle size diets, reducing sinking rates and increasing the probability of the larvae in detecting and ingesting the diet.
This research described the common behaviour of grey mullet (Mugil cephalus) under rearing conditions. The different behaviours exhibited by mullets were videorecorded with submersible cameras installed inside of three tanks. A total of 690 minutes per day (07:30 – 18:30 hours) were recorded per tank during a week. Afterwards, an ethogram was elaborated to organize the different behaviours exhibited by juvenile Mugil cephalus, with two general categories: a) locomotion, including three different observed behaviours (resting, swimming and fast swimming) b) feeding, including three behaviours (surface feeding, bottom feeding and rubbing). The video recordings showed that M. cephalus is a species with a constant locomotion associated to feeding, since they showed constantly movement during most of day light period the opposite to dark periods. Mullets were observed to be a non aggressive fish species, due to the absence of dominance and aggression towards conspecifics, resulting in a high predisposition for adaptation to captivity. Finally, behavioural frequencies of grey mullet juveniles were not significantly different among the three tanks for most of the behavioural variables analysed (p>0.05) except for the variable bottom feeding (p=0.02). Results from this study could be of interest to the aquaculture industry to implement protocols and to optimize rearing techniques for the production of grey mullet.
Resumen.-La chita Anisotremus scapularis se distribuye desde Ecuador a Chile y se considera un importante recurso acuícola en el Perú. El conocimiento del desarrollo embrionario es crucial porque es parte de la biología básica de una especie. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir las etapas embrionarias de la chita. Los huevos se obtuvieron por desove espontáneo y se cultivaron a 19 °C en condiciones de laboratorio. Se evaluaron las características morfométricas del huevo: diámetro (0,752 ± 0,025 mm) (media ± desviación estándar) and diámetro de la gota oleosa (0,165 ± 0,014 mm). La primera división se observó aproximadamente 45 min después de la fertilización. La etapa blástula comenzó después de 4 h y la gástrula media 12:30 h después de la fecundación. La neúrula temprana se observa 17 h después de la fertilización. Los latidos cardíacos y los movimientos de la cola embrionaria libre se registraron después de 30 h de incubación. La eclosión se produjo entre las 31 a 41 h y la longitud de las larvas recién eclosionadas fue de 2,558 ± 0,051 mm. El desarrollo embrionario de esta especie es similar a estudios previos con respecto a otros peces marinos. Este estudio es el primer reporte del desarrollo embrionario de A. scapularis, lo cual es una información valiosa que proporciona una línea base de referencia para los esfuerzos en el cultivo de esta especie.Abstract.-Peruvian grunt Anisotremus scapularis is distributed from Ecuador to Chile and it is considered an important aquaculture resource in Peru. Knowledge of embryonic development is crucial because it is part of the basic biology of a species. The aim of this study was to describe the embryonic stages of Peruvian grunt. The eggs were obtained by natural spawning and reared at 19 °C under laboratory conditions. Morphometric characteristics of the egg were evaluated: diameter (0.752 ± 0.025 mm) (mean ± sd) and oil globule diameter (0.165 ± 0.014 mm). The first division was observed approximately 45 min after fertilization. Blastula stage started after 4 h and the middle gastrula stage after 12:30 h. Early neurula was observed 17 h after fertilization. Cardiac beats and movements of the free embryonic tail were recorded after 30 h of incubation. Hatching occurred between 31 to 41 h and length of newly hatched larvae was 2.558 ± 0.051 mm. The embryonic development of this species is similar to previous studies regarding other marine fish. This study is the first report of embryonic development of A. scapularis, which is a valuable information that provide a baseline reference for the efforts for the culture of this species.
El presente trabajo tuvo por objetivo inducir al desove a hembras maduras de Paralichthys asdpersus (lenguado) utilizando una hormona análoga a la gonadotropina (GnRHa) y determinar la calidad de huevos y larvas obtenidas en los periodos de 2014 y 2015. Se seleccionaron hembras con ovocitos en maduración avanzada (542.61 µm), que desovaron luego de un periodo de latencia de 45-48 h a una temperatura de 16.46 ± 0.06 °C. El porcentaje de fecundación fue mayor al 70% en ambos periodos. Los huevos fecundados presentaron un diámetro de 857.98 ± 5.90 µm y la gota oleosa de 168.76 ± 5.31 µm. La eclosión ocurrió a las 48 h posteriores al desove a 18.03 ± 0.13 °C, con porcentajes entre 16.7 a 94.0% para ambos periodos. Para la calidad de larvas se determinó el Índice de Sobrevivencia Larval (ISL), donde las larvas sobrevivieron la inanición hasta por 11 días. El valor más alto de ISL fue de 31.2% en 2014 y de 22.9% en 2015. La mortalidad acumu lada al día 3 (MA3) fue mayor en diciembre (21.1%) de 2014 y en abril (13.7%) de 2015. La composición proximal de los huevos fue de 47.1% proteínas, 17.4% lípidos y 3.9% carbohidratos. Los ácidos grasos (mg/g de muestra seca) muestran una predominancia de ácidos grasos poliinsaturados, seguido de ácidos grasos saturados y monoinsaturados. El DHA (ácido docosahexaenoico, 22:6n-3) fue el más abundante de los poliinsaturados, seguido del EPA(ácido eicosapentaenoico, 20:5n-3) y ARA(ácido araquidónico 20:4n-6). La relación DHA: EPA fue de 3.4 ± 0.5. Se concluye que la inducción hormonal con GnRHa permitió obtener huevos y larvas de calidad, sin embargo, se requiere considerar una dieta especie específica para reproductores que puedan asegurar una buena calidad de la progenie.
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