Abstract. Arctic tundra ecosystems will have a key role in future climate change due to intensifying permafrost thawing, plant growth and ecosystem carbon exchange, but monitoring these changes may be challenging due to the heterogeneity 20 of Arctic landscapes. We examined spatial variation and linkages of soil and plant attributes in a site of Siberian Arctic tundra in Tiksi, northeast Russia, and evaluated possibilities to capture this variation by remote sensing for the benefit of carbon exchange measurements and landscape extrapolation. We distinguished nine land cover types (LCTs) -bare soil, lichen tundra, shrub tundra, flood meadow, graminoid tundra, bog, dry fen, wet den and water -to classify the variation in our site. To characterize the LCTs, we sampled 92 study plots for plant (biomass and leaf area index, LAI) and soil 25 (organic matter OM%, bulk density, moisture, pH, litter layer depth, litter mass loss, temperature and active layer depth) attributes in 2014. Moreover, to test if variation in plant and soil attributes can be detected using remote sensing, we produced a normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and topographical parameters for each study plot using three very high spatial resolution multispectral satellite images (QuickBird and WorldView-2, portraying vegetation at 180, 220 and 750 growing degree days, DD with 0 °C threshold) and a digital elevation model (derived from a WV-2 stereo-30 pair image). We found that soils in our site ranged from mineral soils in bare soil and lichen tundra (on average 3.9 % OM) to soils of high OM% in graminoid tundra, bog, dry fen and wet fen (38 %), with shrub tundra and flood meadow Vascular shoot mass and LAI were also positively associated with soil OM content, and LAI with active layer depth, but the amount of variation explained was significantly lower (6-15 %). NDVI captured variation in peak season vascular LAI better than variation in moss biomass, but the difference depended on the phase of the growing season in the image:180-DD, 220-DD and 750-DD NDVI captured 23, 17 and 7 % of moss mass variation and 25, 34 and 50% of vascular 5 LAI variation, respectively. For this reason, soil attributes associated with moss mass were better captured by early season NDVI and those associated with LAI by late season NDVI. Topographic attributes were related to LAI and many soil attributes, but not to moss biomass and they could not increase the amount of spatial variation explained in plant and soil attributes above that achieved by NDVI. Our results illustrate a typical tundra ecosystem with great fine-scale spatial variation in both plant and soil attributes. Mosses dominate plant biomass and control many soil attributes, including 10 OM% and temperature, but variation in moss biomass is difficult to capture by remote sensing reflectance or topography.This suggests that using simple reflectance indices and DEM for spatial extrapolation of those vegetation and soil attributes that are relevant for regional ecosystem and global climate models warran...

Peers play a significant role in influencing adolescent self-efficacy. Self-efficacy, in turn, has been considered to influence health behavior. The purpose of this qualitative descriptive study was to describe adolescents' perceptions about their self-efficacy in peer interactions to strengthen the theoretical understanding about the sources of self-efficacy during adolescence. The sample comprised of 155 adolescents (13 - 17 years) in three upper comprehensive schools within two Finnish cities. The data were collected using the critical incident technique with an open-ended questionnaire. Adolescents were asked to describe two situations: one in which they had, and another in which they had not been able to act according to their own choice in peer interactions. Adolescents' written descriptions were analyzed using inductive thematic analysis. The data suggests that adolescents' perceptions about their self-efficacy in peer interactions manifests itself as a dynamic process characterized by debating with oneself and reflecting on information relevant for judging personal abilities. Debating with oneself consisted of five themes which influenced the adolescents' self-efficacy in peer interactions: adolescents' self-identity, social atmosphere, adolescents' cognitive and emotional aspects as well as evaluating the consequences of the intended action. Adolescents' self-identity, which included self-confidence and morals, appeared to be the most solid theme, whereas social atmosphere varied according to the situation. Social atmosphere often diminished the adolescents' self-efficacy in peer interactions. Although the findings are partly consistent with previous literature, they also put more emphasis on adolescents' own active role in the formation of self-efficacy in the context of peer interactions.

Background Every year, millions of children undergo medical procedures that require anesthesia. Fear and anxiety are common among young children undergoing such procedures and can interfere with the child’s recovery and well-being. Relaxation, distraction, and education are methods that can be used to prepare children and help them cope with fear and anxiety, and serious games may be a suitable medium for these purposes. User-centered design emphasizes the involvement of end users during the development and testing of products, but involving young, preschool children may be challenging. Objective One objective of this study was to describe the development and usability of a computer-based educational health game intended for preschool children to prepare them for upcoming anesthesia. A further objective was to describe the lessons learned from using a child-centered approach with the young target group. Methods A formative mixed methods child (user)-centered study design was used to develop and test the usability of the game. Preschool children (4-6 years old) informed the game design through playful workshops (n=26), and usability testing was conducted through game-playing and interviews (n=16). Data were collected in Iceland and Finland with video-recorded direct observation and interviews, as well as children’s drawings, and analyzed with content analysis and descriptive statistics. Results The children shared their knowledge and ideas about hospitals, different emotions, and their preferences concerning game elements. Testing revealed the high usability of the game and provided important information that was used to modify the game before publishing and that will be used in its further development. Conclusions Preschool children can inform game design through playful workshops about health-related subjects that they are not necessarily familiar with but that are relevant for them. The game’s usability was improved with the participation of the target group, and the game is now ready for clinical testing.

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Objetivo: traduzir e adaptar culturalmente para português europeu os instrumentos de avaliação da literacia em saúde acerca do tabaco Attitudes Towards Tobacco Use, Tobacco-Use Motives e Motivation to Decline Tobacco Use in the Future, e Smoking Outcome Expectation Scale e Anti-Smoking Self-Efficacy Scale, e realizar validação preliminar. Método: tradução e adaptação transcultural de acordo com as recomendações do Institute for Work and Health e validação preliminar em 144 adolescentes de duas escolas públicas da região central de Portugal, em abril e maio de 2019. Resultados: foram retirados itens relativos a snus, por não apresentarem relevância no contexto português. Assim, dois instrumentos passaram a ser constituídos apenas por um item. Os valores de alfa de Cronbach das versões em português europeu foram 0,799, 0,673, 0,905 e 0,890. Conclusão: contribui para a existência de instrumentos de avaliação da literacia em saúde acerca do tabaco, adaptados para português europeu, para a população dos adolescentes