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GNSS positioning performance has been shown to improve with the ingestion of data from Global Ionospheric Maps (GIMs) and tropospheric zenith path delays, which are produced by, e.g., the International GNSS Service (IGS). For both dual- and triple-frequency Precise Point Positioning (PPP) processing, the significance of GIM and tropospheric products in processing is not obvious in the quality of the solution after a few hours. However, constraining the atmosphere improves PPP initialization and solution convergence in the first few minutes of processing. The general research question to be answered is whether there is any significant benefit in constraining the atmosphere in multi-frequency PPP? A key related question is: regarding time and position accuracy, how close are we to RTK performance in the age of multi-GNSS PPP-AR? To address these questions, this paper provides insight into the conceptual analyses of atmospheric GNSS PPP constraints. Dual- and triple-frequency scenarios were investigated. Over 60% improvement in convergence time was observed when atmospheric constraints are applied to a dual-frequency multi-GNSS PPP-AR solution. Future work would involve employing the constraints to improve low-cost PPP solutions.

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In this paper, a new standard that has been developed by Sapcorda Services to target the specific requirements of high‐precision GNSS technology in the automotive and mass market industry is assessed within the context of existing data standards. This new standard was created as a joint effort of several organizations and has similarities with the Radio Technical Commission for Maritime Services (RTCM) v3 standard and compact state‐space representation messages (CSSR). However, it has different message design rules that specifically target automotive and mass market sectors. Results indicate significant reduction in bandwidth usage particularly for the atmosphere component, as the new format consumes 15% less bandwidth compared with the all‐purpose existing formats, increased end‐to‐end positioning performance, and integrity, as well as flexibility for future growth of GNSS correction services.