En este artículo se estudia la relación entre el acceso a las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TIC) y el desempeño académico medido a nivel individual y municipal en las áreas de Lenguaje, Matemáticas e Inglés en Colombia entre 2014 y 2016 utilizando los resultados de las pruebas Saber 11. A nivel individual se utiliza un modelo de regresión cuantílica, mientras que a nivel municipal se realiza un análisis espacial y se estima el efecto causal por variables instrumentales. Los resultados sugieren que, a nivel individual, la correlación entre el acceso a las TIC y el desempeño académico varía según el tipo de estudiante y el área del conocimiento. A nivel municipal se encuentra que, ante un incremento de una unidad en la proporción de estudiantes con computador, el desempeño académico promedio del municipio se incrementa en más de 5 desviaciones estándar para Lenguaje y Matemáticas, y en más de 6 para Inglés. Los resultados sugieren la necesidad de ejecutar políticas que permitan equilibrar el efecto de las TIC entre estudiantes con bajo y alto desempeño académico.
Esta obra está bajo una Licencia Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 2.5 Colombia. Usted es libre de:Compartir -copiar, distribuir, ejecutar y comunicar públicamente la obra Bajo las condiciones siguientes:• Atribución -Debe reconocer los créditos de la obra de la manera especificada por el autor o el licenciante. Si utiliza parte o la totalidad de esta investigación tiene que especificar la fuente.• No Comercial -No puede utilizar esta obra para fines comerciales.• Sin Obras Derivadas -No se puede alterar, transformar o generar una obra derivada a partir de esta obra.Los derechos derivados de usos legítimos u otras limitaciones reconocidas por la ley no se ven afectados por lo anterior.El contenido de los artículos y reseñas publicadas es responsabilidad de los autores y no refleja el punto de vista u opinión de la Escuela de Economía de la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas o de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia. The content of all published articles and reviews does not reflect the official opinion of the Faculty of Economic Sciences at the School of Economics, or those of the Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Responsibility for the information and views expressed in the articles and reviews lies entirely with the author(s). 77 ARTÍCULO LABOUR INCOME INEQUALITY AND THE INFORMAL SECTOR IN COLOMBIAN CITIES John Ariza Gabriel Montes-Rojas Ariza, J., & Montes-Rojas, G. (2017). Labour income inequality and the informal sector in Colombian cities. Cuadernos de Economía, 36(72), 77-98.Labour markets in developing countries are crucial to determine income inequality. In this paper, we use a panel data approach to study the effect of the informal sector on labour income inequality for thirteen cities in Colombia from 2002-2015. We use the rate of underemployment, the average duration of unemployment and the intensity of forced migration from armed conflicts as instruments for the urban informal sector. Results suggest that the informal sector has a positive and statistically significant effect on labour income inequality, which implies that an increase by one percentage point in the informal sector increases the Gini coefficient of labour income by about 0.07.
This article adopts a task‐based approach to analyse employment patterns in terms of skill distribution and occupations in the urban labour markets of Brazil, Colombia and Mexico during 2002–15. The results suggest that employment fell strongly for some medium‐skilled occupations, and increased slightly for both low‐skilled and high‐skilled occupations. Decomposition results suggest that the decreasing share of employment of secretaries and stenographers is fully explained by changes within industries (routinization hypothesis), whereas the decrease in machinery operation and handicraft jobs is mainly explained by changes between industries. By socio‐demographic group, technological changes negatively affected women but benefited younger workers and those with higher educational attainment.
This paper studies recent inequality patterns and the distributional effects of schooling and job informality on wage inequality in Argentina, Brazil, Colombia and Mexico during the 2002-2014 period. By means of a quantile regression framework, we decompose changes in the wage gap using several techniques including the Machado and Mata algorithm, the RIF regression unconditional quantile regression method and the random-coefficients quantile regression representation. Results show that the reduction in wage inequality is explained by the improvements in the lower part of the wage distribution in which the pricing rather than the composition effect explains most of the changes. We found that the composition effect of education was unequalizing, while their pricing effect was inequality reducing. Job formality favored relatively more workers in the lower part of the distribution and had an important pricing effect below the median for all countries, but only in the 2002-2008 period.
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