The most common hospital-acquired infection is urinary tract infection (UTI) resulting in significant morbidity and occasional mortality. Pattern of germs especially bacteries that cause UTI will contribute to the success of the treatment of UTI. The wide scale spectrum of the causative organisms, and least of clinical trials that have been done are make the forming of the selected antimicroba that will used for the therapy of UTI more difficult. The purpose of this study was to determine the pattern of germs that cause UTIs, which are important in improving the quality of health care in the Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado Hospital. This study uses a prospective study that analyzed descriptively on 30 urinary samples in November until December 2012 at Installation of Medical Emergency Care of Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado Hospital. Results of this research showed the highest incidence of UTI is in the age group 50-59 years. Women suffer from UTI more often than men. In this research, Escherichia coli is the most common microorganisms that cause UTI. Keywords: bacteries, pattern germs, urinary tract infection. Abstrak: Infeksi Saluran Kemih (ISK) adalah infeksi yang paling umum didapat di RS yang mengakibatkan angka morbiditas dan mortalitas yang signifikan. Pola kuman penyebab ISK akan berperan penting dalam keberhasilan pengobatan ISK. Bervariasinya penyebab ISK, luasnya spektrum organisme yang menjadi penyebab, serta sedikitnya uji klinis yang telah dilaksanakan, mempersulit penyusunan antimikroba pilihan yang dapat digunakan dalam terapi ISK. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pola kuman khususnya bakteri penyebab ISK, yang merupakan hal penting dalam meningkatkan kualitas pelayanan kesehatan di RSUP. Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian prospektif yang dianalisis secara deskriptif pada 30 sampel urin selama bulan November sampai Desember 2012 di Instalasi Rawat Darurat Medik RSUP Prof. dr. R. D. Kandou Manado. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa insidensi ISK tertinggi adalah pada kelompok umur 50-59 tahun. Perempuan lebih sering menderita ISK daripada laki-laki. Dari penelitian ini, Escherichia coli merupakan mikroorganisme tersering yang menyebabkan ISK. Kata Kunci: Bakteri, Infeksi saluran kemih, Pola kuman.
Bacteria are the main cause of external ocular infection worldwide. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the treatment according to the cause of the infection in order to prevent the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This study was aimed to identify the bacteria by using the Gram staining method in patients with external ocular infections. This was a descriptive study with a cross sectional design using bacterial culture of purulent secretion obtained from conjunctival and palpebral swabs in patients with external ocular infections at Manado Eye Hospital Manado. Based on the types of external ocular infections, conjunctivitis was the leading cause (50%), followed by keratitis (30%), blepharitis (13.3%), and keratoconjunctivitis (6.7%). Females were more frequeny than males (63.3% vs 36.7%). The youngest age in this study was 9 years and the oldest was 81 years, meanwhile, the most common age group was adults >40 years. The most common type of occupation was housewives. The results of bacterial culture were as follows: 19 samples showed no growth; 6 samples (54.5%) of Gram-positive bacteria in the form of staphylococcus, coccus, diplococcus; 3 samples (27.3%) of Gram-negative bacteria in the form of bacillus; and 2 samples (18.2%) of mixed Gram positive and negative bacteria in the form of bacillus and coccus. Conclusion: Gram-positive bacterium in the form of coccus is the most common cause of external ocular infection.Keywords: external ocular infection, bacteria, Gram staining Abstrak: Bakteri ialah penyebab utama infeksi mata luar di seluruh dunia. Pengobatan yang sesuai dengan penyebab infeksi dapat mencegah munculnya bakteri yang resistan terhadap antibiotik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi bakteri dengan menggunakan metode pewarnaan Gram pada penderita infeksi mata luar. Jenis penelitian ialah deskriptif dengan desain potong lintang menggunakan kultur bakteri hasil swab sekret purulen dari konjungtiva dan palpebra pada penderita infeksi mata luar di Rumah Sakit Mata Kota Manado. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan bahwa jenis infeksi mata luar terbanyak ialah konjungtivitis (50%), diikuti oleh keratitis (30%), blefaritis (13,3%), dan keratokonjungtivitis (6,7%). Perempuan lebih banyak (63,3%) menderita infeksi mata luar dibandingkan laki-laki (36,7%). Usia termuda ialah 9 tahun dan tertua 81 tahun. Kelompok usia terbanyak ialah dewasa >40 tahun. Jenis pekerjaan ibu rumah tangga yang terbanyak dibandingkan dengan pekerjaan lainnya. Hasil proses kultur mendapatkan 19 sampel tidak menunjukan adanya pertumbuhan, 6 sampel (54,5%) bakteri Gram positif dengan bentuk staphylococcus, coccus, diplococcus, 3 sampel (27,3%) bakteri Gram negatif dengan bentuk bacillus, dan 2 sampel (18.2%) campuran bakteri Gram positif dan negatif dengan bentuk bacillus dan coccus. Simpulan: Bakteri Gram positif berbentuk coccus yang paling sering menjadi penyebab infeksi mata luar.Kata kunci: infeksi mata luar, bakteri, pewarnaan Gram
Water is a chemical compound that has a very important role for the life of humans and other living creatures but also serve as a medium of transmission of diseases. Refillable drinking water has become a common choice for the people in Indonesia, including in the city of Manado. One of the diseases caused by drinking poor quality water is diarrhea. To determine the condition of the contaminated refillable drinking water, a research or clinical testing in the laboratory is needed. The purpose of this research was to determine the pattern of bacteria in refillable drinking water. This study uses a descriptive research method with a cross sectional approach. Samples were taken from 20 refillable drinking water depots in Manado city that have met the inclusion criteria. Identification of bacteria performed with the culture medium. The results showed 4 samples contained gram positive bacteria, 5 samples contained gram negative bacteria and 11 samples contained a mixture of gram positive and gram negative. Gram positive bacteria consists of three species which are Bacillus subtilis (14 samples; 42,42%), Streptococcus spp. (1 sample; 3,03%) and Staphylococcus spp. (1 sample; 3,03%) and. Six species of gram negative bacteria which are Shigella (1 sample; 3,03%), Diplococcus (1 sample; 3,03%), Enterobacter cloacae (2 samples; 6,06%), Enterobacter agglomerans (2 samples; 6,06%), Pseudomonas spp. (4 samples; 12,12%), and Proteus vulgaris (7 samples; 21,21%). The conclusion of this research most types bacteria of found were Bacillus subtilis. Keywords: bacteria, refillable drinking water Abstrak: Air merupakan senyawa kimia yang sangat penting fungsinya bagi kehidupan umat manusia dan mahkluk hidup lainnya tapi juga dapat berperan sebagai media penularan penyakit. Air minum isi ulang telah menjadi pilihan umum masyarakat Indonesia, termasuk di kota Manado.Salah satu penyakit yang disebabkan oleh air minum yang kualitas mikrobiologisnya buruk adalah diare.Untuk mengetahui kondisi terkontaminasi tidaknya air minum isi ulang diperlukan penelitian atau pengujian secara klinis di laboratorium.Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pola bakteri pada air minum isi ulang. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian deskriptif dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Sampel diambil dari 20 depot air minum isi ulang di Kota Manado yang telah memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Identifikasi bakteri dilakukan dengan media kultur. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 4 sampel terdapat bakteri gram positif, 5 sampel terdapat gram negatif dan 11 sampel terdapat campuran bakteri gram positif dan gram negatif.Bakteri gram positif terdiri dari 3 spesies yaitu Bacillus subtilis (14 sampel; 42,42%), Streptococcus spp. (1 sampel; 3,03%)dan Staphilococcus spp. (1 sampel; 3,03%). Enam bakteri spesies gram negatif yaitu Shigella (1 sampel; 3,03%), Diplococcus (1 sampel; 3,03%), Enterobacter cloacae (2 sampel; 6,06%), Enterobacter agglomerans (2 sampel; 6,06%), Pseudomonas spp. (4 sampel; 12,12%) dan Proteus vulgaris (7 sampel; 21,21%). Kesimpulan pada penelitian ini jenis bakteri terbanyak yang ditemukan adalahBacillus subtilis. Kata Kunci: bakteri, air minum isi ulang
The world is in fear of the pandemic Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) which is so deadly, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the world a global health emergency. The number of confirmed cases is still very high until now, even in Indonesia this pandemic is still not over. The transmission is so fast and wide, plus the current clinical manifestations of COVID-19 have varied, ranging from asymptomatic to severe. This literature review aims to determine the Diagnostic of COVID-19 with the most appropriate Clinical Microbiology Laboratory Examination and to find out the importance of Clinical Microbiology Laboratory examinations in COVID-19 Diagnostics. The method used is in the form of literature studies from several scientific sources that are accurate and valid regarding the Diagnostic of COVID-19 with Clinical Microbiology Laboratory Examination. The results showed that Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is the gold standard in detecting COVID-19 although there are several factors that can affect the results of the PCR examination which then cause false negatives / positives. Conclusion Clinical Microbiology Laboratory Examination is very important and very helpful. Diagnostic COVID-19 in the Microbiology Laboratory can be done by using Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) Antigen, RDT Antibody, PCR, and Virus Culture. Diagnostic COVID-19 with the recommended Clinical Microbiology Laboratory Examination and the gold standard is PCR examination. However, there are also several factors that can affect the results of the PCR examination.Keywords: diagnostic, COVID-19, Clinical Microbiology Laboratory Abstrak: Dunia sedang dalam ketakutan dengan pandemi Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) yang begitu mematikan, Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia (WHO) menyatakan dunia sebagai darurat kesehatan global. Jumlah kasus yang terkonfirmasi masih sangat tinggi hingga saat ini, bahkan di Indonesia pandemi ini masih belum berakhir. Penularannya begitu cepat dan luas, sertta manifestasi klinis COVID-19 yang bervariasi, mulai dari asimtomatik hingga parah. Tinjauan pustaka ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui Diagnostik COVID-19 dengan Pemeriksaan Laboratorium Mikrobiologi Klinik yang paling sesuai dan untuk mengetahui pentingnya pemeriksaan Laboratorium Mikrobiologi Klinik dalam Diagnostik COVID-19. Metode yang digunakan berupa studi pustaka dari beberapa sumber ilmiah yang akurat dan valid mengenai Diagnostik COVID-19 dengan Pemeriksaan Laboratorium Mikrobiologi Klinik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) merupakan gold standard dalam mendeteksi COVID-19 meskipun terdapat beberapa faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi hasil pemeriksaan PCR yang kemudian menimbulkan false negatif/positif. Kesimpulan Pemeriksaan Laboratorium Mikrobiologi Klinik sangat penting dan sangat membantu. Diagnostik COVID-19 di Laboratorium Mikrobiologi dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan Antigen Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT), Antibodi RDT, PCR, dan Kultur Virus. Diagnostik COVID-19 dengan Pemeriksaan Laboratorium Mikrobiologi Klinik yang direkomendasikan dan menjadi gold standard adalah PCR. Namun, ada juga beberapa faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi hasil pemeriksaan PCR.Kata Kunci: diagnostik, COVID-19, Laboratorium Mikrobiologi Klinik
Operating room of a hospital is a place to do both elective and acute surgery. Operating room condition is associated with the risk of disease transmission such as infections. Nosocomial infections are infections that arise in a period of more than 48 hours after being treated in hospital. This research aims to determine the pattern of aerobic bacteria that could potentially cause nosocomial infections in Operating Room of RSAD. Robert Wolter Mongisidi Manado. This research uses descriptive prospective study where samples were taken by acquiring swabs from the walls, floor, bed and also air sample as much as 25 samples. This research found 6 species of bacteria, 3 Gram positive bacterias and 3 Gram negative bacterias. Gram-positive bacteria consisting of Staphylococcus sp (40.3%), Streptococcus sp (3.5%) and Bacillus sp (35.08%), whereas Gram-negative bacteria consisting of Enterobacter agglomerans (5.3%), Proteus sp (12.3 %) and Neisseria sp (3.5%). The most bacteria that could potentially cause nosocomial infections were Staphylococcus sp (40.3%).Keywords: nosocomial infection, operating room, aerobic bacteria. Abstrak: Kamar operasi suatu rumah sakit merupakan tempat untuk melakukan tindakan pembedahan baik secara elektif maupun cito. Kondisi kamar operasi berhubungan dengan resiko penularan penyakit salah satunya melalui infeksi. Infeksi nosokomial adalah infeksi yang timbul dalam kurun waktu lebih dari 48 jam setelah dirawat di rumah sakit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pola bakteri aerob yang berpotensi menyebabkan infeksi nosokomial di kamar operasi CITO RSAD Robert Wolter Mongisidi Manado. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian deskriptif dengan pendekatan prospektif dimana sampel diambil melalui usapan pada dinding, lantai, dan tempat tidur serta pengambilan sampel udara sebanyak 25 sampel. Hasil penelitian ditemukan 6 jenis bakteri, 3 bakteri Gram positif dan 3 bakteri Gram negatif. Bakteri Gram positif terdiri dari Staphylococcus sp (40.3%), Streptococcus sp (3.5%) dan Bacillus sp (35.08%), sedangkan bakteri Gram negatif yaitu Enterobacter agglomerans (5.3%), Proteus sp (12.3%) dan Neisseria sp (3.5%). Bakteri yang berpotensi menyebabkan infeksi nosokomial terbanyak yang ditemukan adalah Staphylococcus sp (40.3%). Kata kunci: infeksi nosokomial, kamar operasi, bakteri aerob.
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