Water is a chemical compound that has a very important role for the life of humans and other living creatures but also serve as a medium of transmission of diseases. Refillable drinking water has become a common choice for the people in Indonesia, including in the city of Manado. One of the diseases caused by drinking poor quality water is diarrhea. To determine the condition of the contaminated refillable drinking water, a research or clinical testing in the laboratory is needed. The purpose of this research was to determine the pattern of bacteria in refillable drinking water. This study uses a descriptive research method with a cross sectional approach. Samples were taken from 20 refillable drinking water depots in Manado city that have met the inclusion criteria. Identification of bacteria performed with the culture medium. The results showed 4 samples contained gram positive bacteria, 5 samples contained gram negative bacteria and 11 samples contained a mixture of gram positive and gram negative. Gram positive bacteria consists of three species which are Bacillus subtilis (14 samples; 42,42%), Streptococcus spp. (1 sample; 3,03%) and Staphylococcus spp. (1 sample; 3,03%) and. Six species of gram negative bacteria which are Shigella (1 sample; 3,03%), Diplococcus (1 sample; 3,03%), Enterobacter cloacae (2 samples; 6,06%), Enterobacter agglomerans (2 samples; 6,06%), Pseudomonas spp. (4 samples; 12,12%), and Proteus vulgaris (7 samples; 21,21%). The conclusion of this research most types bacteria of found were Bacillus subtilis. Keywords: bacteria, refillable drinking water Abstrak: Air merupakan senyawa kimia yang sangat penting fungsinya bagi kehidupan umat manusia dan mahkluk hidup lainnya tapi juga dapat berperan sebagai media penularan penyakit. Air minum isi ulang telah menjadi pilihan umum masyarakat Indonesia, termasuk di kota Manado.Salah satu penyakit yang disebabkan oleh air minum yang kualitas mikrobiologisnya buruk adalah diare.Untuk mengetahui kondisi terkontaminasi tidaknya air minum isi ulang diperlukan penelitian atau pengujian secara klinis di laboratorium.Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pola bakteri pada air minum isi ulang. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian deskriptif dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Sampel diambil dari 20 depot air minum isi ulang di Kota Manado yang telah memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Identifikasi bakteri dilakukan dengan media kultur. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 4 sampel terdapat bakteri gram positif, 5 sampel terdapat gram negatif dan 11 sampel terdapat campuran bakteri gram positif dan gram negatif.Bakteri gram positif terdiri dari 3 spesies yaitu Bacillus subtilis (14 sampel; 42,42%), Streptococcus spp. (1 sampel; 3,03%)dan Staphilococcus spp. (1 sampel; 3,03%). Enam bakteri spesies gram negatif yaitu Shigella (1 sampel; 3,03%), Diplococcus (1 sampel; 3,03%), Enterobacter cloacae (2 sampel; 6,06%), Enterobacter agglomerans (2 sampel; 6,06%), Pseudomonas spp. (4 sampel; 12,12%) dan Proteus vulgaris (7 sampel; 21,21%). Kesimpulan pada penelitian ini jenis bakteri terbanyak yang ditemukan adalahBacillus subtilis. Kata Kunci: bakteri, air minum isi ulang
Otitis externa is an outer ear canal infection divided into acute and chronic forms based on the course of illness. In a study at Polyclinic ENT-TOS at Prof. dr. R. D. Kandou General Hospital Manado in 2011 it was found that from 5297 there were 440 (8.33%) cases of otitis externa. This study aimed to determine the pattern of bacteria and antibiotic sensitivity in patients with otitis externa in the Polyclinic ENT-TOS, Prof. Dr. R.D. Kandou Hospital Manado during the period December 2012 - January 2013. This study was a descriptive prospective through a sampling technique of patients. Of the 20 samples tested, 18 (90%) showed the growth of bacteria, and two samples (10%) had no growth of bacteria. There were seven types of bacteria found consisting of two samples (10%) of Branhamella catarrhalis, four samples (20%) of Staphylococcus epidermidis, two samples (10%) of Staphylococcus aureus, two samples (10%) of Acinetobacter anitratus, two samples (10%) of Enterobacter aerogenes, four samples (20%) of Alcaligenes faecalis, two samples (10%) of Proteus mirabilis, and two samples (10%) of no bacterial growth. The highest sensitivity antibiotic was levofloxacin in 14 samples (77.78%), while the highest resistant to antibiotics was ever getting clindamycin in 16 samples (88.89%). Conclusion: nearly all of the samples obtained from otitis externa patients in Polyclinic ENT-TOS, Prof. Dr. R.D. Kandou Hospital Manado during the period December 2012 - January 2013 showed bacterial growth. Levofloxacin was the highest sensitive antibiotic while clindamycin and erythromycin were the highest resistant antibiotic among otitis externa patients in ENT-TOS Clinic of Prof. Dr. R.D. Kandou Hospital, Manado Keywords: otitis externa, pattern of bacteria, sensitivity test. Abstrak: Otitis eksterna adalah infeksi liang telinga luar yang menurut perjalanan penyakit terbagi atas bentuk akut dan kronis. Pada penelitian di Poliklinik THT-KL RSU Prof. Dr. R.D. Kandou Manado pada tahun 2011 diperoleh dari 5.297 pengunjung terdapat 440 (8,33%) kasus otitis eksterna. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pola kuman dan uji kepekaannya terhadap antibiotika pada penderita otitis eksterna di Poliklinik THT-KL BLU RSU Prof. Dr. R.D. Kandou Manado periode Desember 2012 - Januari 2013. Penelitian ini bersifat prospektif deskriptif dan sampel diambil dari pasien Poliklinik THT-KL. Dari 20 sampel yang diuji, didapatkan 18 sampel (90%) menunjukkan pertumbuhan bakteri dan dua sampel (10%) tidak memperlihatkan pertumbuhan bakteri. Bakteri yang ditemukan tujuh jenis, terdiri dari Branhamella catarrhalis dua sampel (10%), Staphylococcus epidermidis empat sampel (20%), Staphylococcus aureus dua sampel (10%), Acinetobacter anitratus dua sampel (10%), Enterobacter aerogenes dua sampel (10%), Alcaligenes faecalis empat sampel (20%), Proteus mirabilis dua sampel (10%), dan tidak ada pertumbuhan bakteri sebanyak dua sampel (10%). Simpulan: hampir semua sampel yang diperoleh dari pasien otitis eksterna di Poliklinik THT-KL RSU Prof. Dr. R.D. Kandou Manado periode Desember 2012 - Januari 2013 memperlihatkan pertumbuhan bakteri. Antibiotika yang kepekaannya paling tinggi ialah levofloxacin, sedangkan antibiotika yang resistensinya paling tinggi ialah clindamycin an erythromycin. Kata kunci: otitis eksterna, pola kuman, uji kepekaan.
Impatiens balsamina L. is an herbal plant which contains flavonoids that has been proven to inhibit the growth of Streptococcus mutans. This study was aimed to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the balsamina leaf extract on the growth of Streptococcus mutans. This was a true experimental study with a randomized pretest-postest control group design. The method used was serial dilution and tested with the spectrophotometer and turbiditry measurements. Balsamina leaf was extracted by using maceration method with 96% ethanol. The Streptococcus mutans bacteria were obtained from pure stock bacteria at Microbiology Laboratory of Pharmacy Faculty of Mathematics, University of Sam Ratulangi. The results indicated that the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the balsamina leaf (Impatiens balsamina L.) extract on the growth of Streptococcus mutans was at a concentration of 3.125%.Keywords: balsamina leaf (Impatiens balsamina L.), Streptococcus mutans, MIC Abstrak: Pacar Air (Impatiens balsamina L.) merupakan tanaman herbal yang mengandung flavonoid yang telah terbukti dapat menghambat pertumbuhan Streptococcus mutans. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui konsentrasi hambat minimum (KHM) dari ekstrak daun Pacar Air terhadap pertumbuhan Streptococcus mutans. Jenis penelitian ialah eksperimental murni dengan Randomized Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu metode serial dilusi dengan metode pengujian turbidimetri dan spektrofotometri. Daun Pacar air diekstraksi dengan metode maserasi menggunakan pelarut etanol 96%. Bakteri Streptococcus mutans diperoleh dari stok bakteri murni Laboratorium Mikrobiologi Program Studi Farmasi Fakultas MIPA Universitas Sam Ratulangi. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi hambat minimum (KHM) ekstrak daun Pacar Air terhadap pertumbuhan Streptococcus mutans pada konsentrasi 3,125%. Kata kunci: daun pacar air (Impatiens balsamina L), Streptococcus mutans, KHM
Nosocomial infections can be interpreted as infections that originate or could occur in hospitals and arise within 48 hours after being hospitalized up to 30 days patients off care. In Indonesia, namely in 10 Public Education Hospitals, the nosocomial infections percentage is 6-16% with an average of 9.8% in 2010. This study was aimed to identifity the source and the bacteria pattern that caused nosocomial infections in the Intallation of Central Surgery Room (IBS) of Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Hospital Manado. This was a descriptive study with a prospective approach. Samples were bacteria on the wall, floor, air, furniture, and medical equipment in the IBS room of Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Hospital Manado. The results showed that of 4 wall samples, the most common bacteria were Bacillus sp. and Klebsiella pneumonia, each in 2 samples (50%), Of the 5 floor samples, the most common bacteria were Staphylococcus sp. in 2 samples (40%). Of the 15 air samples, the most common bacteria was Bacillus sp. in 7 samples (46.7%). Of the 3 samples of medical equipment, the most common bacteria were Proteus vulgaris in 1 sample (33.3%), Bacillus sp. in 1 sample (33.3%), and Diplococcus in 1 sample (33.%). Conclusion: Bacillus sp. is the most common bacteria found in IBS room of Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Hospital Manado.Keywords: pattern of aerobic bacteria, nosocomial infections, central surgery room Abstrak: Infeksi nosokomial adalah infeksi yang berasal atau terjadi di rumah sakit yang timbul dalam kurun waktu 48 jam setelah dirawat di rumah sakit sampai dengan 30 hari lepas rawat. Di 10 RSU pendidikan di Indonesia didapatkan kejadian infeksi nosokomial cukup tinggi yaitu 6-16% dengan rerata 9,8% pada tahun 2010. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui sumber dan pola bakteri penyebab infeksi nosokomial yang terdapat diruang Instalasi Bedah Sentral (IBS) RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado. Jenis penelitian ialah deskriptif dengan pendekatan prospektif. Sampel penelitian ialah bakteri pada dinding, lantai, udara, perabotan, dan peralatan medis di ruang IBS RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan dari 4 sampel dinding, bakteri terbanyak yaitu Bacillus sp. dan Klebsiella pneumonia, masing-masing 2 sampel (50%); dari 5 sampel lantai, bakteri terbanyak yaitu Staphylococcus sp. pada 2 sampel (40%); dari 15 sampel udara, bakteri terbanyak yaitu Bacillus sp. pada 7 sampel (46,7%). Dari 3 sampel peralatan medis didapatkan bakteri terbanyak yaitu Proteus vulgaris pada 1 sampel (33,3%), Bacillus subtilis pada 1 sampel (33,3%), dan Diplococcus pada 1 sampel (33,3%). Simpulan: Bacillus sp. merupakan bakteri yang terbanyak ditemukan.Kata kunci: pola bakteri aerob, infeksi nosokomial, ruang instalasi bedah sentral (IBS)
Hospital is a patient service with a wide variety of different diseases. Among them are due to infectious diseases, ranging from mild to severe. This can cause a risk of transmission of infection from one patient to another, as well as with health workers who are often exposed to infectious agents. Patients with TB cases are patients with a weak immune system and also the hospitalized patients potentially exposed to nosocomial infections, it is because the patient's condition was very weak and the risk of transmission of infection is compounded when it occurs among patients. This causes pathogenic microorganisms become pathogenic. Necessary research or clinical testing in the laboratory to find out whether in a special installation space inpatient tuberculosis (IRINA C5) has a potential source of transmission of nosocomial infections. The aim of this study was to determine the source and the micro organisms that could potentially lead to the transmission of nosocomial infections in the department of Prof. IRINA C5 BLU Dr. R. D. Kandou. This study uses a prospective descriptive study. The samples studied are floor and wall treatment rooms, indoor furniture, medical equipment and the air in the department of Prof. IRINA C5 BLU Dr. RD Kandou Manado as many as 30 samples and swabs taken. The identification is done with the culture medium. On the results of the study showed 10 samples Bacillus subtilis (33.4%), Lactobacillus sp 7 samples (23.4%), Enterobacter agglomerans 2 samples (6.7%), Serratia liquefaciens 2 samples (6.7%), coccus gram negativ 2 samples (6.7%), Staphylococcus albus 1 sample (3.4%), Staphylococcus sp 1 sample (3.4%), Enterobacter hafniae 1 sample (3.4%), Streptococcus sp 1 sample (3, 4%). The conclusion of this research found most types of bacteria is Bacillus subtilis.Keywords: Nosocomial infection, IRINA C5, bacteriaAbstrak: Rumah Sakit merupakan tempat pelayanan pasien dengan berbagai macam penyakit yang berbeda-beda. Diantaranya merupakan penyakit karena infeksi, mulai dari ringan sampai berat. Hal ini dapat menyebabkan resiko penularan infeksi dari satu pasien ke pasien yang lainnya, begitupun dengan petugas kesehatan yang sering terpapar dengan agen infeksi. Pasien dengan kasus TBC merupakan pasien dengan daya tahan tubuh yang lemah dan juga menjadi pasien rawat inap yang berpotensi terkena penyakit infeksi nosokomial, hal ini disebabkan karena kondisi pasien yang sangat lemah dan resiko diperparah ketika terjadi penularan infeksi antar pasien. Hal ini menyebabkan mikroorganisme yang tidak patogen menjadi patogen. Diperlukan penelitian atau pengujian secara klinis di laboratorium untuk mengetahui apakah di ruang instalasi rawat inap khusus tuberkulosis (irina C5) mempunyai potensi sumber penularan infeksi nosokomial. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui sumber dan mikroorganisme yang berpotensi menyebabkan penularan infeksi nosokomial di IRINA C5 BLU RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian deskriptif prospektif. Sampel yang diteliti adalah lantai dan dinding ruang perawatan, perabotan ruangan, peralatan medis dan udara di IRINA C5 BLU RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado sebanyak 30 sampel dan diambil secara usapan. Identifikasi dilakukan dengan media kultur. Pada hasil penelitian menunjukkan Bacillus subtilis 10 sampe (33,4%), Lactobacillus sp 7 sampel (23,4%), Enterobacter agglomerans 2 sampel (6,7%), Serratia liquefaciens 2 sampel (6,7%), Kokus gram negativ 2 sampel (6,7%), Staphylococcus albus 1 sampel (3,4%), Staphylococcus sp 1 sampel (3,4%), Enterobacter hafniae 1 sampel (3,4%), Streptococcus sp 1 sampel (3,4%). Kesimpulan pada penelitian ini jenis bakteri terbanyak ditemukan adalah Bacillus subtilis.Kata kunci: Infeksi nosokomial, IRINA C5, bakteri.
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