This study aimed to evaluate the inclusion of 0.0%, 0.4%, 0.8%, and 1.2% slow release urea (SRU) in sheep feed on the intake and total digestibility coefficient (DC) of nutrients and ruminal parameters of sheep living in tropical regions. Four sheep with a body weight (BW) average of 30.8 ± 1.7 kg were assigned to a Latin square design. The animals were placed in metabolic cages and received two meals a day. Intake data and DC of nutrients of the sheep were subjected to analysis of variance and differences were tested using a regression equation to 5% probability. The inclusion of 0.0%, 0.4%, 0.8%, and 1.2% SRU in sheep feed did not change (p > 0.05) the intake of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), neutral or acid detergent fiber (NDF, ADF), total carbohydrates (TC), and non-fibrous carbohydrate (NFC) expressed in g animal -1 day -1 , g (kg 0.75 ) -1 , and % BW. The mean values of 3.04%, 2.82%, 0.41%, 0.07%, 1.36%, 0.87%, 2.31%, and 1.00% of BW were obtained for the intake of DM, OM, CP, EE, ANF, ADF, TC, and NFC, respectively. The inclusion of 0.0%, 0.4%, 0.8%, and 1.2% of SRU in sheep rations had a quadratic manner (p<0.05) the DC of DM and CP, with maximum values of 69.67% and 63.59%, respectively, for 0.51% and 0.66% levels of SRU inclusion in the experimental diets. The pH of the rumen fluid did not vary (p > 0.05) for different levels of inclusion of SRU in the feed. However, the pH of the rumen fluid did differ (p<0.05) in relation to time (T) after feeding for all experimental diets. The inclusion levels of SRU in sheep feed did not affect (p>0.05) the concentration of ammonia nitrogen (NH 3 -N) of the rumen fluid, but there was a quadratic effect (p < 0.05) with relation to T for all experimental diets. Thus, we conclude that the inclusion of 0.66% SRU provides the best digestibility value of CP and is the appropriate value for the digestion of DM. The inclusion of up to 1.2% of SRU in sheep rations did not change the intake of nutrients and ruminal parameters. ResumoObjetivou-se avaliar a inclusão de 0,0%; 0,4%; 0,8% e 1,2% de ureia de liberação lenta (ULL) na alimentação de ovinos em região tropical sobre o consumo e o coeficiente de digestibilidade total (CD) dos nutrientes e parâmetros ruminais. Foram utilizados quatro ovinos com peso corporal (PC) médio de 30,8 ± 1,7 kg, distribuídos em um delineamento em quadrado latino. Os ovinos foram alocados em gaiolas de metabolismo e receberam duas refeições por dia. Os dados de consumo e CD dos nutrientes dos ovinos foram submetidos à análise de variância e as diferenças observadas foram testadas com utilização de equação de regressão a 5% de probabilidade. A inclusão 0,0%; 0,4%; 0,8% e 1,2% de ULL na alimentação de ovinos não alterou (p>0,05) o consumo de matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO), proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo (EE), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e ácido (FDA), carboidratos totais (CHT) e carboidratos não fibrosos (CNF) expressos em g animal -1 dia -1 , g (kg 0,75 ) -1 e %PC. Os va...
We evaluated the fractions of protein and carbohydrates in distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), corn grain (CG), soybean meal (SM), and corn silage (CS), as well as the in vitro digestibility (IVD) of DDGS, CG, SM, CS, rations containing 0.0, 8.0, 16.0, and 24.0% DDGS, and in vitro fermentation parameters after 24 h of incubation. DDGS were obtained following microbial fermentation for ethanol production from a sugar and alcohol distillery located in the state of Mato Grosso -Brazil. The Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) was used to determine the protein and carbohydrate fractions of experimental diets. For the in vitro nutrient digestion assay using the experimental foods and experimental diets, two sheep with an average body weight of 26 kg were used as inoculum donors. The in vitro digestibility of food and feed was assayed in three replicates. Fraction A of DDGS CP was 88, 71, and 37% lower in relation to fraction A of SM, CG, and CS, respectively. Fraction B2 of DDGS protein contained 21% CP, which represents 78.84% of DDGS protein in fraction B2, and is higher than the SM, which was 70.44%. The B3 fraction of CP, which is partly released during ruminal fermentation, was 18% lower for SM compared to DDGS, and is expressed in %CP. For carbohydrate fractionation, the DDGS presented 8.64% for the A + B1 fraction on a DM basis, which was 62, 86, and 74% lower compared to those obtained for SM, CG. and CS, respectively. The hemicellulose and cellulose contents of DDGS were higher than those of SM, as verified in fraction B2, with a value of 46.92%, expressed in DM. The in vitro digestibility coefficients (IVDC) of the DDGS nutrients did not differ (p > 0.05) in relation to those of the other experimental foods. The inclusion of DDGS in rations formulated for sheep did not change (p > 0.05) the IVDC of DM, OM, CP. NDF, or ADF, with mean values of 70.93, 70.64, 59.58, 52.83, and 43.40%, respectively. Therefore, DDGS comprise a proteinrich food containing more than 70% CP in fraction B2, with a large amount of carbohydrates bound to the cell wall. In addition, DDGS possess a similar digestibility coefficient to corn grain and soybean meal; however, up to 24% can be included in feed formulations for ruminants without changing the in vitro digestibility coefficient of nutrients. ResumoForam avaliadas as frações da proteína e dos carboidratos de grãos secos de destilaria com solúveis (GSDS), grão de milho (GM), farelo de soja (FS), e silagem de milho (SM), e a digestibilidade in vitro (CDIV) do GSDS, GM, FS, SM e de rações contendo a inclusão de 0,0%; 8,0%; 16,0% e 24,0% de GSDS, bem como os parâmetros de fermentação in vitro após 24 horas de incubação. O GSDS foi obtido após processo de fermentação microbiana para a produção do etanol, de uma destilaria de flex de açúcar e álcool localizada no estado de Mato Grosso -Brasil. Para determinação das frações proteicas e de carboidratos dos alimentos experimentais foi utilizado Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System -CNCPS. Para o ...
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of inclusion of 0.0%, 0.4%, 0.8%, and 1.2% slow release urea (SRU) in sheep feed on nitrogen balance (intake, fecal and urinary excretion, nitrogen absorbed and retained and/or nitrogen balance). Four sheep with an average body weight (BW) of 30.8 ± 1.7 kg were distributed using a Latin square experimental design. Sheep were allocated in metabolic cages and received two meals a day. The data were subjected to analysis of variance and differences were tested using a regression equation with a 5% probability. The inclusion of 0.0%, 0.4%, 0.8%, and 1.2% SRU in sheep diets did not change (p > 0.05) nitrogen intake (NI), with an average value of 20.49 g animal day , and % of NI. The minimum values calculated with the equations for UN were 0.86 g animal day -1 , 0.06 g (kg 0.75 ) -1 , and 0.28% NI for SRU inclusion levels of 0.79%, 0.76%, and 0.71%, respectively. The inclusion of 0.0%, 0.4%, 0.8%, and 1.2% SRU in sheep diets did not change (p > 0.05) the NB expressed as g animal day -1 (10.86) and g (kg 0.75 ) -1 (0.82). However, the NB expressed as % NI or in relation to the NI responded in a quadratic manner (p < 0.05) to the inclusion of different levels of SRU in sheep food. The maximum value for NB was 59.68% NI and it was obtained at 0.68% SRU. Thus, the inclusion of 0.6% to 0.8% slow release urea in sheep diets provides the lowest fecal and urinary nitrogen losses. In addition, these levels provide the best NB values, expressed as a percentage of NI. Key words: Excretion. Faces. Intake. Non-protein nitrogen. Urine. ResumoObjetivou-se avaliar a inclusão de 0,0%; 0,4%; 0,8% e 1,2% de ureia de liberação lenta (ULL) na ) -1 (0,82). Entretanto, o BN expresso em %NC ou em relação ao NC apresentou um comportamento quadrático (p<0,05) com a inclusão dos diferentes níveis de ULL nas rações de ovinos. O valor máximo do BN de 59,68% NC foi obtido para o nível de 0,68% de ULL. Assim, a inclusão de 0,6% a 0,8% de ureia de liberação lenta na alimentação de ovinos propicia as menores perdas do nitrogênio fecal e urinário, além de proporcionar os melhores valores de balaço de nitrogênio expresso em percentagem do nitrogênio consumido. Palavras-chave: Consumo. Excreção. Fezes. Nitrogênio não proteico. Urina.
RESUMO: Objetivou-se avaliar a inclusão de 0%; 8%; 16% e 24% de grão seco de destilaria com solúveis (GSDS) na alimentação de ovinos sobre o consumo e o coeficiente de digestibilidade total (CD) dos nutrientes e parâmetros ruminais. Foram utilizados quatro ovinos com peso corporal (PC) médio de 23,5 ± 1,5 kg, distribuídos em um delineamento em quadrado latino. Os ovinos foram alocados em gaiolas de metabolismo e receberam duas refeições por dia. Os dados de consumo e CD dos nutrientes dos ovinos foram submetidos à análise de variância e as diferenças observadas foram testadas utilizando equação de regressão a 5% de probabilidade. Para as variáveis pH e concentração do nitrogênio amoniacal (N-NH 3 ) do líquido ruminal a análise estatística foi procedida considerando a subdivisão da parcela, considerando os tempos de avaliação após a alimentação dos animais. A inclusão 0%; 8%; 16% e 24% de GSDS na alimentação de ovinos não alterou (P>0,05) o consumo de matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO), proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e ácido (FDA) e carboidratos totais (CHT) expressos em g/ animal/dia, g/kg PC 0,75 e %PC. Porém, a inclusão do GSDS alterou (P<0,05) de maneira quadrática o consumo de extrato etéreo (EE) e carboidrato não fibroso (CNF) expresso em g/animal/dia e g/ kg PC 0,75 . Os valores de pH do líquido ruminal não diferiram (P>0,05) para os diferentes níveis de inclusão do GSDS na alimentação de ovinos. Contudo, o pH do líquido ruminal diferiu (P<0,05) em relação ao tempo (T) após a alimentação, para todas as rações experimentais. Os níveis de inclusão do GSDS na alimentação dos ovinos não influenciou (P>0,05) a concentração de N-NH 3 do líquido ruminal, contudo houve efeito quadrático (P<0,05) com relação ao tempo para todas as rações experimentais. A inclusão de 24% do grão seco de destilaria com solúveis não altera o consumo e o CD dos nutrientes com exceção aos CNF além, de não alterar os parâmetros ruminais.Palavras-chave: co-produto, milho, nitrogênio amoniacal, pH ruminal. NUTRIENT INTAKE AND DIGESTIBILITY AND RUMINAL PARAMETERS IN SHEEP FED DISTILLERS DRIED GRAINS WITH SOLUBLESABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of inclusion of 0%, 8%, 16% and 24% distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) in the diet of sheep on the intake and total digestibility coefficient (DC) of nutrients and ruminal parameters. Four sheep with a mean body weight (BW) of 23.5 ± 1.5 kg were randomly assigned in a Latin square design. The animals were housed in metabolic cages and received two meals per day. The nutrient intake and DC data were submitted to analysis of variance and the differences observed were tested using regression equations at a 5% probability. For pH and ammoniacal nitrogen (N-NH3) of the rumen fluid, statistical analysis was performed considering the subdivision of the plot and evaluation times after feeding of the animals. The inclusion of 0%, 8%, 16% and 24% DDGC in the sheep diet did not alter (P>0.05) the intake of dry matter, organic matter, crud...
1 Recebido para publicação em 20/05/15. Aceito para publicação em 14/12/15. 2 Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Pontes e Lacerda, MT, Brasil. 3 Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT, Brasil. *Autor correspondente: ljgeron@yahoo.com.br RESUMO: Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da suplementação concentrada nos níveis de 0,0%, 0,8%, 1,6% do peso corporal (PC) de cabritas mantidas em pastagem de Urochloa brizantha cv. MG 5, sobre o consumo de nutrientes do suplemento e desempenho animal [ganho médio diário (GMD), ganho médio total (GMT), conversão alimentar (CA) e eficiência alimentar (EA)]. Foram utilizadas 12 cabritas sem raça definida com peso corporal médio de 15,43 ± 0,2 kg, divididas em 3 lotes de 4 animais cada, mantidas em um piquete de capim MG 5 de 0,6 ha, e o suplemento foi fornecido aos animais diariamente sempre no período da tarde. O suplemento concentrado apresentou teor de aproximadamente 18% proteína bruta (PB) e 80% de nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado com 3 tratamentos experimentais (0,0%, 0,8%, 1,6% do PC de suplemento concentrado), com 4 repetições por tratamento. Os dados obtidos para o consumo do suplemento e desempenho animal foram submetidos a análise de variância e as diferenças foram testadas utilizando análise de regressão a 5% de probabilidade. O consumo de MS, MO, PB, EE e FDN, expresso em % PC e g/kg 0,75 , teve comportamento linear crescente (P<0,05), com o aumento dos níveis de suplementação concentrada na dieta total das cabritas a pasto. Os níveis de suplementação concentrada não alteraram (P>0,05) o GMD das cabritas a pasto. Entretanto, os níveis de 0,0%; 0,8% e 1,6% do PC de suplementação concentrada fornecida a cabritas alteraram de maneira linear crescente (P<0,05) os valores de CA. Efeito quadrático foi observado para eficiência alimentar (EA), com valor de máximo de 0,18 para o nível de 1,0% de suplementação concentrada. A suplementação concentrada fornecida em até 1,6% do PC de cabritas em pastagem de capim MG 5 não altera o ganho médio diário e o ganho médio total.Palavras-chave: consumo, ganho médio diário, matéria seca, peso corporal. CONCENTRATE SUPPLEMENTATION OF FEMALE GOAT KIDS GRAZING ON Urochloa brizantha CV. MG 5ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of concentrate supplementation of female goat kids grazing on Urochloa brizantha cv. MG 5 pasture at levels of 0%, 0.8% and 1.6% of their body weight (BW) on nutrient intake from the supplement and animal performance (average daily gain -ADG, total weight gain -TWG, feed conversion -FC, and feed efficiency -FE). Twelve female goat kids of undefined breed, with a mean BW of 15.43 ± 0.2 kg, were divided into three batches of 4 animals each and maintained in a MG 5 paddock measuring 0.6 ha. The supplement was offered to the animals daily, always in the afternoon. The concentrate supplement contained approximately 18% crude protein (CP) and 80% total digestible nutrients. A completely randomized design consisti...
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