BACKGROUND: Acute renal failure (ARF) is a serious disease characterised by a rapid loss of renal functions due to nephrotoxic drug or ischemic insult. The clinical treatment approach such as dialysis techniques and continuous renal enhancement have grown rapidly during past decades. However, there is yet no significant effect in improving renal function. Hypoxia-preconditioned mesenchymal stem cells (HP-MSCs) have positive effects on the in vitro survival and stemness, in addition to angiogenic potential. AIM: In this study, we aimed to analyse the effect of HP-MSCs administration in improving renal function, characterised by blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine level. METHODS: A group of 15 male Wistar rats weighing 250 g to 300 g were used in this study (n = 5 for each group). Rats were randomly distributed into 3 groups: Vehicle control (Veh) as a control group, HP-MSCs and normoxia MSCs (N-MSCs) as the treatment group. Renal function was evaluated based on the BUN and creatinine levels using the colourimetric method on day 5 and 13. The histological analysis using HE staining was performed on day 13. RESULTS: The result showed there is a significant decrease in BUN and creatinine level (p < 0.05). The histological analysis of renal tissue also showed a significant decrease between Veh and treatment group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Based on this study, we conclude that HP-MSCs have a superior beneficial effect than N-MSCs in improving renal function in an animal model of gentamicin-induced ARF.

<span lang="EN-US">Mercury pollution can results from gold mining. Furthermore, a continuous mercury exposure can trigger the formation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and interfere with the body's antioxidant metabolism. A high level of free radicals in the body can be characterized by a low level of an antioxidant enzyme. Prevention to avoid the impacts of mercury poisoning is better than treatment. Tender coconut water can eliminate ROS and improve antioxidant status. This study aimed to was to confirm that tender coconut water is able to decrease the free radical which is characterized by increased antioxidant enzyme GPx status. This study was designed as randomized pre- and posttest control group design<em>,</em> 40 traditional gold mining workers devided into 2 groups: the control and treatment groups. After the pre test of GPx level, the workers were either given tender coconut water at the dose of 450 m L or water for 4 weeks every day. Four weeks after the pre-test, the level of GPx was assessed in the laboratory PAU-Gajahmada University. The post test results of the control group and treatments group were compared and analyzed using <em>Man Whitney test</em>. The mean levels of GPx post-test in the control group and treated group were 63.5±1.1 U/mL and 79.9±8.8 U/mL respectively. The analysis result obtained p-value 0.000 &lt;0.05. Tender coconut water has an effect on free radicals due to to mercury exposure. Tender coconut water can be consumed daily to prevent degenerative diseases caused by mercury exposure.</span>

The purpose of this research was to find out the significant difference on writing competence between extrovert and introvert students at the second grader of Junior High School Miftahul Ulum Sumbermanjing Wetan Malang. There were 25 students as the samples chosen by using Purposive Sampling. This research used quantitative approach and the type of the research was a causal comparative. In conclusion, there is a significant difference on students writing competence between extrovert and introvert students. The result showed that introvert students better than extrovert students in writing competence. Because the result of this research was in line with the theory stated that introvert is better in writing skill, so the researcher gives suggestions in order to the teachers apply different method, technique or strategy in teaching writing that is suitable for both of them. So, it is not only focus to introvert students who tend to be superior in writing but also to extovert students too Keywords: Comparative Study, Extrovert, Introvert, Writing Competence.

Introduction: Plumbum (Pb) is the main air pollutant in urban areas, is one of the heavy metals contained in motor vehicle fuel. Pb is a heavy metal that will trigger the formation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), can reduce the activity of antioxidant enzymes and cause oxidative stress in the kidneys. Tender coconut water contains compounds that are as antioxidants that can protect the effects of free radicals caused by Pb. This study aims to prove the effect of tender coconut water on ureum levels in wistar strain rats exposed to plumbum (Pb). Method: experimental research with posttest only control group design. The independent variable was administration of tender coconut water, while the dependent variable was ureum levels. The study population was wistar strain male rats that were kept in the Penelitian Antar Universitas (PAU) Gajah Mada University, Yogyakarta. The eighteen male wistar strain rats used in this study were divided into 3 random groups, namely the K1 (control); K2 (Pb of 10 mg / day given inhalation); K3 (tender coconut water 8mL /200grBW). Urea levels were analyzed by the Kruskal Walls test, because the data distribution was not normal. Results: The mean ureum levels K1: 11,13 ± 0,51 mg / dL; K2: 52.85 ± 1.97 mg/dL; K3: 19.71 ± 1, 25 mg / dL. The mean ureum level in K2 was higher with K1 and K3, but in K3 it decreased when compared to K2 although it was still higher than K1. The analysis test results obtained p: 0,000 (p value <0.05). Conclusion: Administration of tender coconut water is proven to reduce urea levels in wistar rats exposed to Pb. Keywords: Plumbum (Pb); ureum levels; tender coconut water; ROS ABSTRAK Pendahuluan: Plumbum (Pb) merupakan polutan udara utama di perkotaan, merupakan salah satu logam berat yang terkandung dalam bahan bakar kendaraan bermotor. Pb merupakan logam berat yang akan memicu pembentukan Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), dapat menurunkan aktivitas enzim antioksidan dan menyebabkan stres oksidatif pada ginjal. Air kelapa muda mengandung senyawa yang bersifat sebagai antioksidan yang dapat melindungi efek radikal bebas yang ditimbulkan oleh Pb. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuktikan adanya Efek Air kelapa Muda terhadap Kadar Ureum pada Tikus Galur Wistar yang terpapar Plumbum (Pb). Metode: Jenis penelitian eksperimental dengan rancangan posttest only control group design. Variabel bebas pemberian air kelapa muda, sedangkan variabel terikat kadar ureum. Populasi penelitian adalah tikus jantan galur wistar yang dipelihara di Penelitian Antar Universitas (PAU) Universitas Gajah Mada, Yogyakarta. Delapan belas ekor tikus jantan galur wistar digunakan dalam penelitian ini dibagi menjadi 3 kelompok secara random, yaitu kelompok K1 (kontrol); K2 (Pb sebanyak 10 mg/hari diberikan secara inhalasi); K3 (air kelapa muda 8mL/200gr). Data kadar ureum dianalisis dengan uji Kruskal Walls, karena distribusi tidak normal. Hasil: Rerata kadar ureum K1 : 11,13 ±0,51 mg/dL; K2: 52,85 ±1,97 mg/dL; K3: 19,71 ±1, 25 mg/dL. Rerata kadar ureum pada K2 lebih tinggi dibandung dengan K1dan K3, tetapi pada K3 mengalami penurunan jika dibandingkan dengan K2 walaupun masih lebih tinggi dari K1. Hasil uji analisis diperoleh nilai p: 0,000 (p<0,05). Kesimpulan: Pemberian air kelapa muda terbukti mampu menurunkan kadar ureum pada tikus wistar yang terpapar Pb. Kata Kunci: Plumbum (Pb); kadar ureum; air kelapa muda; ROS

Introduction:The administration of antioxidant combination has been shown to be more effective than that of individual antioxidant in male infertility. Objective: to determine the effect of different combination of antioxidants (vitamin/vit C, vit E, glutathione and zinc) on the number of Sertoli and Leydig cells, sperm quality and texpression of caspase-3 in rats exposed to cigarette smoke. Methods: This was an experimental study using a post test only control group design. Thirty six rats were randomly divided into 6 groups to receive one of the following combinations of antioxidants: vit C and E, glutathione, zinc (T4-G); vit C and E, glutathione (T3-G); vit C and vit E (T2-G); Glutathione, zinc (T1-G); control positive (CP-G) cigarette smoke exposed only, normal (CN-G). The dose of vit C, vit E, glutathion and zinc was 9 mg/day, 1.8 IU/day, 1.8 mg/day, 0.2 mg/day respectively. All groups were exposed to cigarette smoke (3 cigarettes/day for 21 days), except for the CN-G group. On day 22, sperm samples were taken. Testicular tissue was taken for measurements of sperm quality, sertoli and leydig cell.numbers. Results: There was a significant difference in mean number of Leydig cells, sperm motility, sperm count and caspase-3 between groups (p<0.05). Post hoc LSD showed that the administration of combination of four antioxidant agent increasing the number of Sertoli cells and sperm morphology. The results also showed that group treated with 4 antioxidants combination had the highest number of Leydig cells, sperm motility, sperm counts and the lowest expression of caspase-3. Conclusion:The combination of vitC, vit E, glutathione and zinc affects the number of Sertoli and Leydig cells, sperm quality, expression of caspase-3 in rats exposed to cigarette smoke .