The effectiveness of containment measures has been shown to depend on both epidemiological and sociological mechanisms, most notably compliance with national lockdown rules. Yet, there has been growing discontent with social distancing rules during national lockdowns across several countries, particularly among certain demographic and socio-economic groups. Using a highly granular dataset on compliance of over 105,000 individuals between March and May 2020 in the United Kingdom (UK), we find that compliance with lockdown policies was initially high in the overall population during the earlier phase of the pandemic, but that compliance fell substantially over time, especially among specific segments of society. Warmer temperatures increased the non-compliance of individuals who are male, divorced, part-time employed, and/or parent of more than two children. Thus, while epidemiologically the virus spread was naturally more limited during the warmer period of 2020, sociologically the higher temperature led to lower individual-level compliance with public health measures. As long as new strains emerge, governments may therefore be required to complement vaccination campaigns with targeted and time limited restrictions. Since non-complying individuals at the beginning of the pandemic share certain characteristics with vaccination sceptics, understanding their compliance behaviour will remain essential for future policymaking.
La revue scientifique électronique pour les recherches sur Bruxelles / Het elektronisch wetenschappelijk tijdschrift voor onderzoek over Brussel / The e-journal for academic research on Brussels Collection générale | 2010 Brussels, capital of Europe: a sustainable choice? Bruxelles capitale de l'Europe : un choix écologiquement défendable ? Brussel hoofdstad van Europa: een ecologisch verantwoorde keuze?
Ce document est un fac-similé de l'édition imprimée. Licence CC BY Philippe Van Parijs et Jonathan Van ParysBruxelles capitale de l'Europe: un choix écologiquement défendable ? * Ce qui fait d'une ville une bonne capitale dépend de multiples critères. La prise de conscience écologique conduit à accorder plus d'importance à l'un d'entre eux: la localisation plus ou moins centrale au sein du territoire. Quelle ville européenne répond le mieux à ce critère? Le choix de Bruxelles comme capitale de l'Union européenne est-il susceptible de résister à la croissance de son importance? Et à la poursuite de l'élargissement vers l'Est? Pour répondre à ces questions, cet essai définit quatre centres de gravité -"diplomatique", "démographi-que", "métropolitain" et "citoyen" -et mobilise des bases de données et techniques de calcul nouvellement disponibles.Dans le cadre de l'Europe des 27, Prague arrive en tête du point de vue "diplomatique", Francfort du point de vue "démographique", Luxembourg du point de vue "métropolitain" et Bruxelles du point de vue "citoyen". Dans un scénario maximaliste d'élargissement vers l'Est, ce quatuor est remplacé par Vienne, Munich, Strasbourg et Bruxelles. Le quatrième critère, le plus favorable à Bruxelles, est aussi, à première vue, le plus instable. L'essai se termine par une réflexion sur les mécanismes susceptibles d'assurer que Bruxelles garde la "centralité citoyenne" que les hasards de l'histoire lui ont conféré. Philippe Van Parijs est docteur en philosophie (Oxford) et en sciences sociales (Louvain), responsable de la Chaire Hoover d'éthique économique et sociale (Louvain) et professeur invité à Harvard et Leuven. Il est auteur, entre autres, de Linguistic Justice for Europe and for the World (Oxford University Press, à paraître). Après avoir étudié l'économie aux Facultés universitaires Saint Louis et à l'UCL et travaillé au
The effectiveness of containment measures depends on both epidemiological and sociological mechanisms, most notably compliance with national lockdown rules. Yet, there is growing discontent with social distancing rules in many countries, which is expected to intensify further during summer. Using a highly granular dataset on compliance of over 105,000 individuals in the United Kingdom (UK), we find that compliance with lockdown policies tends to be high in the overall population, but that specific segments of society are substantially less compliant. Our findings show that warmer temperatures decrease non-compliance with governmental guidelines of individuals who are male, divorced, part-time employed, and/or parent of more than two children. Thus, as long as heard immunity through vaccination is not achieved and new strains demand containment measures to remain in place, understanding the individual determinants of non-compliance behaviour in different seasons of the year will remain important for policymakers to design effective policies in the future.
La revue scientifique électronique pour les recherches sur Bruxelles / Het elektronisch wetenschappelijk tijdschrift voor onderzoek over Brussel / The e-journal for academic research on Brussels Collection générale | 2010
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