Ecological intensification is a new concept in agriculture that addresses the double challenge of maintaining a level of production sufficient to support needs of human populations and respecting the environment in order to conserve the natural world and human quality of life. This article adapts this concept to fish farming using agroecological principles and the ecosystem services framework. The method was developed from the study of published literature and applications at four study sites chosen for their differences in production intensity: polyculture ponds in France, integrated pig and pond polyculture in Brazil, the culture of striped catfish in Indonesia and a recirculating salmon aquaculture system in France. The study of stakeholders' perceptions of ecosystem services combined with environmental assessment through Life Cycle Assessment and Emergy accounting allowed development of an assessment tool that was used as a basis for co-building evolution scenarios. From this experience, ecological intensification of aquaculture was defined as the use of ecological processes and functions to increase productivity, strengthen ecosystem services and decrease disservices. It is based on aquaecosystem and biodiversity management and the use of local and traditional knowledge. Expected consequences for farming systems consist of greater autonomy, efficiency and better integration into their surrounding territories. Ecological intensification requires territorial governance and helps improve it from a sustainable development perspective.

RESUMO -Um estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos do método de remoção da pele do filé (com alicate e com máquina) e da técnica de curtimento (com ou sem sais de cromo, bioleather) sobre a resistência da pele de tilápia-donilo (Oreochromis niloticus). Foram retiradas as peles de 40 tilápias (450 g), 20 com uso de alicates e 20 com auxílio de máquina. Após o curtimento e a retirada dos corpos-de-prova, as peles foram encaminhadas a um laboratório aclimatizado (23ºC e 50% de umidade relativa do ar) para realização dos testes de resistência em dinamômetro EMIC, com velocidade de afastamento entre cargas de 100 ± 20 mm/mm. O método de retirada da pele do filé não afetou os resultados dos testes de tração e rasgamento progressivo. A pele retirada com a máquina apresentou elongação superior (88,48%) à removida com alicate (71,09%). Peles curtidas com sais de cromo (25,54 N/mm; 12,18 N/mm 2 ) foram mais resistentes que as curtidas sem sais de cromo (bioleather) (13,11 N/mm; 9,89 N/mm 2 ). Peles curtidas por estas técnicas (com cromo e bioleather) podem ser utilizadas na confecção de vestuários, pois as médias dos testes de tração, alongamento e rasgamento progressivo foram superiores a 9,80 N/mm 2 , 60% e 14,72 N/mm, respectivamente, valores mínimos recomendados para couros curtidos ao cromo.Palavras-chave: pele ecológica, qualidade da pele, retirada da pele do filé, testes físicos-mecânicos Effect of tanning technique and methods used for skin removal on leather resistance characteristics of Nile TilapiaABSTRACT -This research evaluated the effect of different methods (fillet skin removal and tanning methods [with or without chromium salts and bioleather]) on leather resistance characteristics of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Skin from 40 tilapias (450 g) were removed: 20 by pliers and 20 by machine. After skin tanning, the samples were removed for resistance tests, which were done, in a climatized environment (23ºC) and 50% air relative humidity, with EMIC dynamometer, at removal speed of 100 ± 20 mm/mm. No effect of fillet skin removal method on progressive tearing and strength was observed. The method of skin removal by machine resulted in greater (88.48%) elongation than that removed by pliers (71.09%). Skin tanned with chromium salts (25.54 N/mm; 12.18N/mm 2 ) had higher resistance than that tanned without chromium (bioleather) (13.11 N/mm; 9.89 N/mm 2 ). Chromium-and bioleather tanned skins may be used in clothes manufacture since average values of strength, elongation and progresive tearing are higher than 9.80N/mm², 60% and 14.72 N/mm, respectively, which are values recommended for leathers tanned with chromium salts.

This study aimed to evaluate the economic feasibility of family trout farming in the Serra Catarinense, a temperate region in South Brazil. Two properties characterized as small (production = 10.8 t/yr) and medium (production = 32.4 t/yr) scale, respectively, were evaluated. The investment costs were US$ 20,780.53 for the small-scale farm and US$ 92,677.03 for the medium-scale farm. Operating expenses were US$ 17,920.40/yr for the small-scale and US$ 45,876.24/yr for the medium-scale farms. Feed was the main cost. In the small-scale farm, both fixed and variable costs were higher. While feed costs per kg of fish produced were similar between the two production scales, for the medium-scale farm, the larger production scale decreases the significance of the remaining costs, resulting in higher profitability. Still, the economic analysis showed that the two scales of farming are economically feasible with IRR values of 18 and 19% for the small and medium scales, respectively, and the payback period is less than 6 years for both scales of farming. The medium-scale producer had higher income and higher net present value, but the results of the other economic indicators were similar to the small-scale producer. We conclude that the family farming of trout in small and medium scales is economically feasible. The small-scale production requires complete dedication from the owner. For the medium-scale farm, it is feasible to hire a technician without compromising economic outcomes. Finally, based on the sensitivity analyses, it was shown that improper feed management can render the activity economically unfeasible.

RESUMO.O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a técnica de curtimento bioleather e o curtimentocom sais de cromo, em peles de carpa espelho (Cyprinus carpio specularis). As peles foram retiradas com o auxílio de uma máquina, identificadas e congeladas. Em seguida, foram curtidas por meio de duas técnicas diferentes. O passo seguinte foi retirada dos corpos de prova, que foram levados para o laboratório, climatizado em torno de 23ºC e umidade relativa, do ar de 50%, conforme NBR 10455 (1988), por 24 horas. Para os testes de resistência à tração, ao alongamento e à determinação da força de rasgamento progressivo, utilizou-se o dinamômetro EMIC. Foram retiradas amostras da região dorsal do couro para análise de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). As amostras foram secas em ponto crítico com CO2 e metalizadas com íons de ouro-paládio. Em seguida as amostras foram elétron-micrografados com o JEOL-JSM 5410. Observou-se o entrelaçamento e sobreposição das camadas das fibras colágenas, que proporcionam maior resistência ao couro, constatada pelos testes realizados. Os couros curtidos com a técnica bioleather apresentaram maiores valores no teste de tração (20,45 N/mm 2 ) em comparação ao cromo (12,32 N/mm 2 ). Não houve diferença na elongação entre os tratamentos (bioleather = 72,52%; cromo = 84,74%). Para o teste de rasgamento progressivo, o curtimento ao cromo foi superior (26,28 N/mm), comparado ao bioleather (11,96 N/mm). Entretanto, os dois curtimentos podem ser utilizados nas peles dessa espécie de peixe para a confecção de vestuários.Palavras-chave: resistência do couro, fibras colágenas, testes físico-mecânicos, derme.ABSTRACT. Resistance of the carp mirror skin (Cyprinus carpio specularis) tanned by chromium and bioleather technique. The objective of the work was to evaluate the tanning technique to bioleather and with chromium salts, in carp mirror skins (Cyprinus carpio specularis). The skins wore removed by means of a machine, identified and congealed. Next they were tanned by the two techniques. The test bodies wore removed and taken to the laboratory climatized around 23ºC and relative humidity of the 50% air, as ABNT-NBR 10455 (1988), for 24 hours. For the tests of tensile strenght and to the elongation and the determination of the gradual tear force dynamometer, EMIC was used. Samples of the dorsal region of the skin for analysis of scanning electron microscopy wore removed (MEV). The samples wore drought in critical point with metallized CO2 and with íons of gold-palladium. Specimens were then electron-micrographed with JEOL-JSM 5410. One observed the interlacement and the overlapping of the layers of the collagens staple fibers that provide greater resistance to the leather, and this resistance can be evidenced by the tests. The pieces of leather tanned with the bioleather technique presented higher values in the test of traction (20.45 N/mm 2 ) in comparison to chromium (12.32 N/mm 2 ). There was no difference in the elongation between the treatments (bioleather = 72.52%; chromium = 84.74%). ...

RESUMO -Este estudo foi realizado com os objetivos de analisar a histologia da pele e avaliar a influência da técnica de curtimento e da posição da retirada do corpo-de-prova sobre a qualidade da pele de carpa prateada (Hypophtalmichthys molitrix). Vinte e três peixes foram insensibilizados para retirada das peles para curtimento. Amostras referentes a três peixes foram fixadas em formol 10%. Após a inclusão em parafina, foram cortadas com aproximadamente 5 mm de espessura e coradas pela técnica de hematoxilina-eosina (HE). Após o curtimento das peles, foram retirados os corpos-de-prova para os testes de resistência. Os testes foram realizados com dinamômetro EMIC, com velocidade de afastamento entre cargas de 100 ± 20 mm/mm, em ambiente climatizado a 23 o C e umidade relativa do ar de 50% por um período de 24 horas. As peles curtidas com sais de cromo apresentaram maior resistência à tração (16,96 N/mm 2 ), ao alongamento (51,49%) e ao rasgamento progressivo (16,75 N/mm) quando comparadas àquelas curtidas sem sais de cromo (tração = 9,12 N/mm 2 , alongamento = 17,48% e rasgamento = 11,36 N/mm). O sentido da retirada dos corpos-de-prova não interferiu nas características de tração, elongação, carga de ruptura, rasgo, força máxima e carga de força. A técnica de curtimento (utilizando ou não sais de cromo) influencia a resistência das peles de carpa prateada. A técnica empregando os sais de cromo proporciona maior resistência ao couro.Palavras-chave: fibras colágenas, Hypophtalmichthys molitrix, pele de peixe, qualidade do couro, teste físico-mecânico Histology of silver-plated carp skin (Hypophtalmichthys molitrix) and leather resistance testsBSTRACT -The objectives of this trial were to analyze the skin histology and to evaluate the influence of tanning technique and the direction removal of samples on skin quality of silver-plated carp (Hypophtalmichthys molitrix). Twenty-three fishes were sacrificed and the skin was removed for tanning. Samples of three fishes were settled in formol 10% and, after inclusion in paraffin, the samples were cut with approximately 5 mm of thickness and colored by the hematoxylin-eosin technique (HE).After skin tanning, the samples were removed for resistance tests. The tests were done with EMIC dynamometer, at removal speed of 100 ± 20 mm/mm, in a climatized environment (23ºC) and 50% air relative humidity for 24-h period. The skins tanned with chromium salts showed greater resistance to tensile strenght (16.96 N/mm 2 ), elongation (51.49%) and progressive tearing (16.75 N/mm) than those tanned without chromium salts (tensile strenght = 9.12 N/mm 2 , elongation = 17.48% and 11.36progressive tearing = N/mm). No effect of direction removal of samples on tensile strenght, elongation, rupture load, progressive tearing, maximum force, and force load was observed. The tanning technique (with or without chromium salts) affect the resistance of the silver-plated carp skin. The technique with chromium salts results in bigger resistance to leather.