TRPV4 (Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 4) channels are activated by a wide range of stimuli, including hypotonic stress, non-noxious heat and mechanical stress and some small molecule agonists (e.g. phorbol ester 4α-PDD). GSK1016790A (GSK101) is a recently discovered specific small molecule agonist of TRPV4. Its effects on physical determinants of TRPV4 activity were evaluated in HeLa cells transiently transfected with TRPV4 (HeLa-TRPV4). GSK101 (10 nM) causes a TRPV4 specific Ca2+ influx in HeLa-TRPV4 cells, but not in control transfected cells, which can be inhibited by ruthenium red and Ca2+-free medium more significantly at the early stage of the activation rather than the late stage, reflecting apparent partial desensitization. Western blot analysis showed that GSK101 activation did not induce an increase in TRPV4 expression at the plasma membrane, but caused an immediate and sustained downregulation of TRPV4 on the plasma membrane in HeLa-TRPV4 cells. Patch clamp analysis also revealed an early partial desensitization of the channel which was Ca2+-independent. FRET analysis of TRPV4 subunit assembly demonstrated that the GSK101-induced TRPV4 channel activation/desensitization was not due to alterations in homotetrameric channel formation on the plasma membrane. It is concluded that GSK101 specifically activates TRPV4 channels, leading to a rapid partial desensitization and downregulation of the channel expression on the plasma membrane. TRPV4 subunit assembly appears to occur during trafficking from the ER/Golgi to the plasma membrane and is not altered by agonist stimulation.

*Autor a quien debe ser dirigida la correspondenciaRecibido Dic. 15, 2016; Aceptado Ene. 6, 2017; Versión final Mar. 13, 2017, Publicado Dic. 2017 Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo es proponer un Programa de Formación para el empoderamiento digital de administradores de micro, pequeñas y medianas empresas (MiPymes). Para ello, se indaga en las competencias en tecnologías de información y comunicación (TIC) que poseen los administradores de MiniPymes. Bajo una metodología de investigación-acción, se encuestaron a 250 representantes de estas empresas. Los resultados demuestran un alto índice de disponibilidad en la red y una adecuada infraestructura tecnológica, a pesar del poco empleo reportado para el uso de las TIC y la página Web, dado los bajos niveles de preparación en TIC. Se concluye que, existe una relación incongruente entre ambas dimensiones; mientras las condiciones de accesibilidad están dadas, no se aprovechan estos recursos para empoderar digitalmente a los empresarios a través de la integración de conocimientos digitales. Palabras clave: competencias; empresarios; Mipymes; TIC; uso de la Web; empoderamiento digital Digital Accessibility and Integration: Key Elements for Entrepreneurs Training Program on Digital Empowerment AbstractThe objective of this work is to investigate the competences in information and communication technologies (ICT) of the administrators of micro, small and medium size enterprises (MiPymes) with the aim of proposing a Training Program for the digital empowerment of this important Colombian social sector. Under an actionresearch methodology, 250 representatives of these companies were surveyed. The results demonstrate a high availability rate in the network and an adequate technological infrastructure, despite the low employment reported for the use of ICT and the Web page, given the low levels of ICT preparation. It is concluded that there is an inconsistent relationship between both dimensions; while the conditions of accessibility are given, the advantages of these resources to digitally empower these entrepreneurs through the integration of digital knowledge are not taken into account.

ResumenSe evaluó el efecto de la incorporación de lactosuero sobre las características fisicoquímicas y de textura del queso costeño amasado. Se realizaron cuatro formulaciones con tres repeticiones. Todas las formulaciones tuvieron fija la materia grasa (MG) con 3.2%, y se varió el contenido de lactosuero (LS). Formulación 1: Leche 3.2% MG (Control); Formulación 2: Leche 3.2% MG + 2% LS; Formulación 3: Leche 3.2% MG + 4% LS; Formulación 4: leche 3.2% + 6% LS. Se realizaron pruebas fisicoquímicas a leche y quesos y análisis de perfil de textura (TPA) a quesos. Los resultados señalan que la incorporación de concentrado de proteínas del lactosuero al queso produce un aumento del rendimiento. La adición de lactosuero afecta las características texturales de los quesos. La dureza de los quesos, y por tanto la masticabilidad disminuyó a medida que se aumentó la incorporación de lactosuero. La adhesividad, cohesividad y elasticidad aumentó con la adición de lactosuero. Palabras clave: lactosuero, queso costeño amasado, TPA, características texturales Effect of the Addition of Whey to Kneaded Coastal Cheese AbstractThe effect of whey on the physicochemical characteristics and texture kneading coastal cheese was evaluated. Four formulations with three replicates were performed. All formulations had fixed the fat amount (MG) with 3.2%, and the content of whey (LS) was varied. Formulation 1: 3.2% Fat Milk (Control); Formulation 2: Milk 3.2% MG + 2% LS; Formulation 3: Milk 3.2% MG + 4% LS; Formulation 4: milk 3.2% + 6% LS. Physicochemical tests were performed for milk and cheese, and texture profile analysis (TPA) for cheese. The results show that the addition of concentrated cheese whey proteins results in increased yield. The addition of whey affects the textural characteristics of the cheese. The hardness of the cheese, and thus the chewiness decreased as the addition of whey increased. Also, adhesiveness, cohesiveness and elasticity increased with the addition of whey.

ResumenEl objetivo de este trabajo fue cuantificar los niveles de sulfametoxazol, norfloxacino, ciprofloxacino y lincomicina en pollo comercializado en el Mercado Bazurto, tiendas de barrio y supermercados de la ciudad de Cartagena (Colombia). Para esto se obtuvieron 10 muestras al azar de cada sitio de procedencia, con un total de 30 muestras para el estudio. Estas se empacaron en bolsas de polietileno de primer uso debidamente rotuladas para luego ser congeladas a -18∓1 ºC. La cuantificación se realizó por cromatografía líquida de alta resolución (HPLC). Todas las muestras sobrepasan las cantidades mínimas de fármacos de acuerdo al Codex Alimentarius, exceptuando las pechugas de supermercado. Estas no sobrepasan los límites de sulfametoxazol y ciprofloxacino, y son las muestras que mantienen el umbral más bajo de detección para todos los análisis. Las únicas pechugas que cumplían con la legislación colombiana para recuentos microbianos fueron las procedentes de supermercados de cadena. Palabras clave: antibiótico, HPLC, músculo de pollo, residuos Determination of Antibiotics and Microbiological Quality of Chicken Meat Commercialized in Cartagena (Colombia) AbstractThe aim of this study was to quantify the levels of sulfamethoxazole, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin and lincomycin in chicken sold in Bazurto Market, local shops and supermarkets in the city of Cartagena (Colombia). For this 10 random samples from each site of origin were obtained, having a total of 30 samples for study. These samples were packed in new and not-used polyethylene bags properly labeled before being frozen at -18∓1 ºC. Quantification was performed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). All samples exceeded the minimum amounts of drugs according to Codex Alimentarius, except breasts supermarket. These are within the limits of sulfamethoxazole and ciprofloxacin and are the samples that presented the lowest detection threshold for all analyzes. The only breasts that met the limits of Colombian legislation for microbial counts were those sold by chain supermarkets.

ResumenEn esta investigación se identifican las competencias tecnológicas de los funcionarios públicos colombianos del municipio de Riohacha a fin de detectar las brechas digitales que impiden el acercamiento de estos funcionarios a los ciudadanos. Con un enfoque metodológico cuali-cuantitativo, basado en un estudio de caso, se aplica un cuestionario a 35 representantes públicos del mencionado municipio. Los resultados cuantitativos se ubican en el nivel bajo, demostrando que casi nunca utilizan las potencialidades de las TIC para atender las necesidades de la población en términos de los servicios que ofrece el gobierno; mientras que, los cualitativos responden a características sociodemográficas de la muestra. En consecuencia, se propone una escuela de gobierno para la capacitación de dichos funcionarios en Tecnologías de Información y Comunicación con el fin de ofrecer mejor servicio a los ciudadanos. Palabras clave: empoderamiento digital; accesibilidad digital; integración; escuela de gobierno; formación en TIC Government School based on ICT: A Key Strategy for Achieving Digital Empowerment, Accessibility, and Integrality AbstractThis research identifies the technological competencies of Colombian public officials in the municipality of Riohacha to detect the digital divide that prevents the approach of these officials to citizens. With a qualitative-quantitative methodological approach based on a study case, a questionnaire is applied to 35 representatives of the mentioned municipality. The quantitative results are located at the low level, showing that they almost never use the potential of ICT to meet the needs of the population in terms of the services offered by the government, while the qualitative data responds to the socio demographic characteristics of sampling. Consequently, a government school is proposed in this paper for the training these officials in Information and Communication Technologies, so they can offer better service to the citizens.