The aim of the article is to examine the process of urbanization in Spain in the long term. Given the delay in the consolidation of Spanish urban history, the contribution of related disciplines, such as art history and urban planning, geography, and economics is also assessed. Careful attention is paid to the identification of continuities and breaks, as well as to the contextualization of the changes in the cities in relation to their role in the national and international context. The article is divided into four parts. First, an introduction to the evolution of urban history in Spain is provided. Subsequent sections analyze the urban process in three stages: the enlightenment reforms and the end of colonial empire (1746-1833), the end of the Ancient Regime and the new capitalist development , and the transition from dictatorship to the integration into the European Union.

Le 19 novembre 2001, la statue équestre de Francisco Franco à Ferrol (en Gallice), la ville qui a vu naître le dictateur, a été peinte en rose. L’analyse de ces événements et de leurs retombées médiatiques permet de les inclure dans un triple débat plus vaste: sur les nouveaux mouvements sociaux et leur connexion avec les médias; sur les «lieux de mémoire », et leur mise à jour, dans le contexte particulier des politiques de la mémoire du franquisme; sur la nature du régime franquiste et le caractère de la transition démocratique espagnole.

Las herramientas multimedia e internet nos ofrecen nuevas oportunidades para dinamizar nuestro oficio de historiadores: nos aportan instrumentos para cartografiar los acontecimientos históricos, ya que son una herramienta excepcionalmente adaptada para «visualizar» el orden no lineal en que se organiza la memoria social; facilitan el diálogo interdisciplinar, en particular con la geografía, y proporcionan herramientas de gran eficacia comunicativa a coste reducido. Abordaremos en este artículo las herramientas digitales propias de la Web 2.0, como los Sistemas de Información Históricos (en adelante, HIS) y la realidad virtual, y la problemática de su adaptación a la historia. Pasaremos revista a algunos proyectos: no con afán de inventario exhaustivo, sino primando nuestra familiaridad con ellos y la oportunidad que tuvimos de discutirlos con sus autores.

No abstract

Over the years, robotics have become technological service tools in different application domains. This chapter presents a direct application of games and robotics as therapeutic tools in the healthcare of patients. These strategies are used in ACROSS project, involving more than 100 researchers from 13 Spanish entities. The main objective of this project is to modify the current perspective of the therapies, taking advantage of the game properties that will be implemented in social robots, which are blocked in providing predefined services. These new systems are able to self-reconfigure and adapt autonomously. In order to provide an open framework for collaboration between universities, research centres, and the Administration, ACROSS will develop Open Source Services available to everybody. This chapter aims to contribute a new overview of treatment therapies with elderly and paediatric patients that present cognitive and motor impairments as well as present the methodology of evaluation to determine the effect of games and social robots as a means to carry out a therapy.