BackgroundRheumatic diseases of childhood, in particular juvenile idiopathic arthritis, are chronic conditions associated with considerable morbidity and mortality that can have repercussions on aspects of adult life. The aim of this study was to determine the employment rate and social status of patients with childhood-onset rheumatic disease attending a pediatric rheumatology transition unit.MethodsA census was taken of patients seen in the Pediatric Rheumatology Transition Unit of Hospital Vall d’Hebron (Barcelona, Spain). We collected demographic and clinical variables and determined the patients’ functional capacity. All patients seen during the period of September to December 2013 underwent a survey containing items related to their social situation, maximum academic level achieved, and working life. Correlations were sought between clinical variables associated with a poor prognosis and the patients’ job performance. The data were analyzed and compared with those of an age-matched cohort from the general population of Catalonia.ResultsOf 130 patients included in the census, 96 responded to the survey. Steinbrocker grade III and IV disability (poorer functional capacity) (p = 0.0025) and longer disease duration (p = 0.017) were significantly related to greater difficulty getting a job. Patients with grade III and IV disability and those with more severe disease showed trends to having more problems carrying out work-related tasks. Our cohort included a higher percentage of students than the age-matched comparison population (50 % vs 24 %, respectively) (p = 0.0001); 82 % of patients had completed studies beyond the compulsory education level. The employment rate was lower in our patient cohort than in the comparison cohort (38.3 % vs 59.9 %) (p = 0.0001), whereas the percentage of unemployed was similar. Patients with milder disease had a higher probability of living with their parents up to a later age (OR = 3.2, 95 % CI 0.38-6.15; p = 0.029).ConclusionsDespite the advances in treatment, some patients with childhood-onset rheumatic disease encounter difficulties in their later social and working life. In our cohort, the time period needed to complete their studies tended to be longer, and incorporation into the workforce occurred at a later age. Our findings reinforce the idea that psychological support and vocational guidance are important factors in the management of these patients.

ResumenEste artículo tiene dos objetivos. En primer lugar, queremos analizar si el peso del origen social de los graduados universitarios influye en la inserción laboral, tomando como indicador los ingresos que obtienen los titulados que trabajan, cuando controlamos la titulación obtenida. En segundo lugar, intentamos observar si los graduados universitarios provenientes de orígenes sociales más desfavorecidos se encuentran más desocupados y más inactivos que los provenientes de hogares con más recursos. Para tal fin analizamos a los titulados que egresaron de universidades públicas catalanas en el curso 2006-2007, entrevistados por la "Agencia Catalana per a la Qualitat del Sistema Universitari de Catalunya" (AQU Catalunya) en el primer trimestre de 2011. La metodología utilizada se basa en técnicas estadísticas bivariadas (tablas de contingencia) y análisis multivariado (regresión logística binomial). Los resultados obtenidos en la presente contribución nos obligan a reformular las hipótesis de partida, pues los hallazgos muestran que, aun tomando en cuenta la titulación, no se observa una influencia significativa del origen social en la inserción laboral de esta cohorte concreta de graduados universitarios Palabras clave:Graduados universitarios, origen social, inserción laboral, especialidad de estudios, relación empleo-formación AbstractThis article has two primary objectives. Firstly, we aim to examine whether the weight of social origin of university graduates influences the labour market entry, using the wages as an indicator of graduates' job quality, once controlled the degree obtained. Secondly, we want to observe whether graduates from disadvantaged social backgrounds are more unemployed and inactive than those from households with more resources. In order to achieve these purposes, we analyzed a sample of graduates from Catalan public universities in 2006-2007 interviewed by the Catalan Agency for the Quality of University System (AQU) in the first trimester of 2011. The methodology is based on bivariate statistical techniques (contingency tables) and multivariate analysis (binomial logistic regression). The results obtained in the present article leads us to reformulate our original hypothesis, as the findings show that even taking into account the specific degree obtained by graduates, we do not observed a significant influence of social background on the employment of university graduates in this cohort.

Resumen: El artículo analiza la evolución de la desigualdad de oportunidades de logro del nivel de educación superior en Argentina y en México según origen social familiar a través de cohortes de nacimiento. Se indaga la influencia de tres factores vinculados a desigualdades de origen: clase social, nivel educativo y región de nacimiento o socialización. Se realiza un análisis estadístico de dos fuentes secundarias: la ENES-PISAC 2015 para Argentina y el Módulo de Movilidad Social 2016 de INEGI para México. Las pautas observadas nos permiten apoyar la tesis de Hout y Raftery (Maximally Maintained Inequality), en ambos países el nivel de expansión del nivel superior, en Argentina una expansión que se desarrolló más tempranamente y luego se estancó, y en México una expansión más tardía pero progresiva, fue insuficiente para reducir la desigualdad de oportunidades de logro vinculadas al origen social familiar.

Resumen: Analizamos la situación en el mercado laboral de titulados de universidades públicas catalanas, comparando las cohortes de 2004 (expansión económica), 2007 (inicio de la crisis económica), y 2010 (durante la crisis). En un primer análisis descriptivo, encontramos un aumento en el desempleo que afectó de manera diferenciada a los titulados en función del sexo, el origen social, la titulación y el trabajo durante los estudios. Un segundo análisis tipológico mostró una estructura homogénea de las ocupaciones entre las cohortes. Sin embargo, a partir de la cohorte 2010, la más expuesta a la crisis, disminuyó la cantidad absoluta de titulados con mejores condiciones laborales y se amplió la cantidad de graduados en ocupaciones más desprotegidas.Palabras clave: Transición a la vida profesional, Educación superior, Mercado laboral, Crisis económica.

Objectives To assess the labour market entry and the labour market performance of a cohort of patients followed in the transition program of a Pediatric Rheumatology Unit. Methods A survey of patients followed in the transition program of a Pediatric Rheumatology Unit was conducted from September to December 2013. Data regarding demographic, clinical and labour status were collected: age, gender, diagnosis, disease onset, current treatment, family situation, educational attainment, occupational status and the patient's degree of difficulty to get a job and/or to perform it due to their illness. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used in the analysis of data. Labour data from our cohort were compared with those published in the 2012 Government Survey of Youth of Catalonia (GenCat). Results The survey included 131 patients, 94 women (72%) and 37 men (28%). The mean age was 22 years (range 16-35). Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) represented the 52% (n=67) of the patients, Spondyloarthropathies (SpA) 19% (n=24), Autoinflammatory syndromes 8 (n=10) and other diseases 22% (n=28). The mean follow-up was 14±7.3 years. The percentage of patients on biological treatment was 32% (n=41). Regarding the family situation, 39% (n=38) were living alone, with classmates or in couple. Concerning the educational attainment, 18% had reached compulsory level, 38% post-compulsory secondary level and 43% higher education. The distribution of the major activity was 38% working and 50% studying. Unemployment was present in 11.5% of the sample. Regarding the difficulty to find a job due to their illness 70% answered that it didn't affect them at all. About the difficulty in performing their job 75% responded that they were unaffected. We could not establish a statistically significant relationship between the disease onset and the difficulty in achieving and/or performing a job, even though a trend of greater difficulty was observed in the group of longer disease onset (>15 years). Comparative data between our cohort and the general population of Catalonia is shown in Table 1. It was observed that the rate of employment was comparable only among those individuals over 25 years of age, whereas in younger people there was an overrepresentation of students. The rate of unemployment of our cohort was similar to that found in the survey of Catalonia in all age groups (11.5% vs 10.4%). The number of individuals of our cohort who attainted post-compulsory secondary education and higher education was higher compared to the general population in Catalonia, 38.1% vs 29.2% and 43.3% vs 34.6% respectively. Table 1. Major activity by age groups Students Working Unemployed Total Cohort (%) GenCat (%) Cohort (%) GenCat (%) Cohort (%) GenCat (%) (%) 16–19 years 95 69 0 28,2 5 2,7 100 20–24 years 56,5 25,3 30,4 64,1 13 10,6 100 25–29 years 17,6 10,4 70,6 75,8 11,8 13,9 100 30–35 years 0 8 84,6 79,2 15,4 12,9 100 Total 50 26 38,5 63,6 11,5 10,4 100 GenCat = 2012 Government Survey of Youth of Catalonia. Conclusions...