RESUMO -A inoculação de forragens com fungos lignocelulolíticos é uma opção para melhorar a qualidade destas sem adição de produtos químicos. O tratamento do substrato influencia a ação do fungo e a qualidade final do produto. Neste experimento, aplicaram-se quatro tratamentos (compostagem do feno inteiro, compostagem do feno picado, hidratação do feno em água fria e hidratação do feno em água quente) a um feno de Brachiaria decumbens. Aos tratamentos seguiu-se inoculação com o fungo Pleurotus ostreatus e incubação por 35 dias, sob temperatura controlada. Usou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições e medidas repetidas. Amostras foram colhidas semanalmente para acompanhar a degradação do substrato, mediante a análise química do feno. Observou-se aumento linear, com o decorrer do tempo, no teor de proteína bruta (PB) e na proporção de lignina na parede celular (LIG-FDN), e decréscimo linear nos valores de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), celulose e hemicelulose. Não se observou efeito de tratamento no teor de FDA. Os tratamentos com compostagem apresentaram maiores valores de PB, lignina e LIG-FDN e menores de FDN e hemicelulose. Não se observou diferença entre os tratamentos com hidratação. O tratamento do feno de braquiária com o fungo propiciou degradação da fração fibrosa e aumento no teor de PB, com efeito mais intenso nos tratamentos que usaram compostagem. A ação do fungo foi mais efetiva sobre a hemicelulose que sobre os demais componentes da fibra.Palavras-chave: Brachiaria decumbens, composição química, fibra, produtos "orgânicos", tratamento biológico Pretreatment Effects on Fiber Degradation of Brachiaria Hay by Pleurotus ostreatus FungusABSTRACT -The innoculation of forages with lignocellulolytic fungi is an option for improving quality without adding chemical products. Substrate quality influences fungal activity and endproduct quality. The effects of four treatments (composting of whole hay, composting of chopped hay, soaking in cool water and soaking in hot water) on a Brachiaria decumbens hay were evaluated. The treatments were followed by innoculation with Pleurotus ostreatus fungus and incubation over 35 days, under controlled temperature. A completely randomized design with four replicates and repeated measures was used. Weekly samples were taken to follow substrate degradation through chemical analysis of the hay. A linear increase over time was observed for crude protein (CP) and proportion of lignin in cell walls (LIG-NDF), whereas a linear decrease was observed for neutral detergent fiber (NDF), cellulose and hemicellulose contents. No treatment effect on ADF content was observed. The treatments based on composting showed higher CP, lignin and LIG-NDF contents and lower NDF and hemicellulose contents. No difference was observed between the treatments that used soaking. The biological treatment of Brachiaria hay caused degradation of the fibrous fraction and increased CP content, with stronger effect on those treatments that used composting. The fungus was more ef...
RESUMO:O gênero Pleurotus é conhecido como cogumelo ostra, shimeji ou hiratake. Neste trabalho, com a finalidade de selecionar substratos para o cultivo de duas espécies de Pleurotus, foram avaliados vigor, crescimento micelial (cm.dia -1 ), massa fresca (g), produtividade (%) e eficiência biológica (%) de P. sajor-caju (PSC96/03) e P. ostreatoroseus (POR01/06) cultivados nos substratos: bagaço de cana-de-açú-car, capim-elefante, resíduos da cultura da mamona e palha de arroz esterilizados. As culturas fúngicas foram recuperadas em meio de cultura CDA. Para avaliar o crescimento micelial, os substratos úmidos foram acondicionados em tubos de ensaio e fechados com papel alumínio esterilizados. Depois, foram inoculados com discos de cultura de 10 mm de diâmetro e incubados em estufa a 26 ± 2ºC. O vigor do micélio foi mensurado por meio de notas de 1 a 3, conforme adensamento. Para o cultivo axênico, os substratos foram colocados em frascos de 250 g de substrato e autoclavados duas vezes a 121ºC (1 atm) por 60 minutos, posteriormente inoculados com 3% de spawn. Ao serem analisadas, a linhagem P. sajor-caju (PSC96/03) apresentou maior velocidade de crescimento que a P. ostreatoroseus (POR01/06), os substratos com menor relação C/N propiciaram maior vigor de micélio e o substrato à base de resíduos da cultura da mamona apresentou perspectivas para o cultivo de P. sajor-caju (PSC96/03). PALAVRAS-CHAVE:Pleurotus; mamona; substratos; eficiência biológica; produtividade. ABSTRACT:The gender Pleurotus is also known as oyster mushroom, shimeji or hiratake. Aiming to select the best substrates to cultivate two species of Pleurotus, this work measured vigor, mycelium growth (cm.day -1 ), fresh mass (g), productivity (%) and biological efficiency (%) of P. sajor-caju (PSC96/03) and P. ostreatoroseus (POR01/06) cultivated in the following substrates: sugarcane bagasse, elephant grass, waste of castor oil plant and pasteurized rice straw. Fungal cultures were recovered in culture medium CDA. For the evaluation of mycelium growth, moist substrates were put into a closed assay tube with sterilized aluminum paper. Then, they were inoculated in 10 mm culture dishes and taken to the incubator at 26 ± 2ºC. Mycelium vigor was measured with grades from 1 to 3 according to density. For axenic cultivation, substrates were placed into 250 g flasks of substrate and autoclaved twice at 121ºC (1 atm) for 60 minutes, and then inoculated with 3% of spawn. The lineage P. sajor-caju (PSC96/03) showed higher growth rates in relation to P. ostreatoroseus (POR01/06). Substrates showing lower C/N ratio provided more mycelium vigor. Castor oil plant waste based-substrate showed good perspectives to growing P. sajor-caju (PSC96/03).
The root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) is one of the main pests of lettuce due to the crop’s high susceptibility, unavailability of registered nematicides and lack of resistant cultivars. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of aqueous extracts of ten basidiomycete fungi for root-knot nematode control (in vitro and in vivo) on lettuce. The aqueous extracts of these fungi were initially evaluated in vitro in relation to their nematostatic and nematicidal activity. All extracts inhibited the hatching of second-stage juveniles of nematodes. The extracts that provided the highest mortality index (Pleurotus ostreatus, P. citrinopileatus, P. pulmonarius and Boletus sp.) were applied in pots containing autoclaved and infested soil with root-knot nematode. After 24 h, one lettuce seedling (cv. Regina) per pot was transplanted using soil treated with distilled water as control. After 50 days, we observed that soil treated with fungal extracts reduced, approximately, 70% of nematode reproduction. Plants treated with extracts obtained higher fresh mass and extracts of Boletus sp. and P. pulmonarius reduced damages to roots, being considered as potential bio-controllers of this nematode.
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