Hibiscus sabdariffa (Roselle) is in high demand worldwide due to its beneficial health properties owing to the polyphenols content, mainly in the flower calyx. The objective of this study was to find the best conditions (time and liquid: solid ratio) to extract polyphenols from Roselle using Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE) (40 kHz, 180 W), with ethanol how solvent; as well as determine the yield of phenols, anthocyanin, flavonoids, tannins, antioxidant activity (DPPH) and antigenotoxic effect (comet assay). A traditional solid-liquid extraction was applied as a reference. Extraction times of 40 and 60 min resulted in the highest polyphenols (13.019 mg GAE/g dry weight (dw)), flavonoids (4.981 CE/g dw), anthocyanins (1.855 mg Cya3GE/g dw), and tannins (0.745 CE/g dw) recoveries and an antioxidant activity (DPPH) of 74.58%. Extracts from white calyces contained similar amounts of phenols and flavonoids, but very little condensed tannins (0.049 CE/g dw) and practically no anthocyanins. Extracts from red and white calyces, showed antigenotoxic activity and repaired capacity of damage caused by mutagens in human lymphocytes.
Antecedentes y Objetivos: La fijación biológica del nitrógeno (FBN) en leguminosas nativas de México ha sido poco estudiada; particularmente en especies del género Lupinus no se tiene información al respecto. En este sentido, el objetivo de esta investigación fue cuantificar la acumulación de biomasa y nitrógeno (N) en tres lupinos silvestres del estado de Jalisco, México (Lupinus exaltatus, L. rotundiflorus y L. mexicanus), así como evaluar la FBN en términos de cantidad de N fijado (kg ha-1) y proporción de N derivado de la atmósfera (% Ndda).Métodos: Las especies en estudio al igual que la cebada, una especie conocida como no fijadora de N y usada de referencia, fueron cultivadas en suelos agrícolas de Zapopan, Jalisco, en el periodo otoño-invierno de 2015-2016. Durante el crecimiento de las especies en estudio se realizaron muestreos destructivos a los 93, 108 y 122 días después de la siembra (Dds). En cada muestreo se cuantificó el número de nódulos por planta, contenido de materia seca (Ms) y % de N. Con estos valores se estimó mediante el método de la diferencia de N, la proporción de N derivado de la atmósfera (% Ndda) y cantidad de N fijado (kg ha-1).Resultados clave: A los 93, 108 y 122 Dds, L. exaltatus fijó 87.4, 86.9 y 187 kg de N ha-1, lo cual fue equivalente a 71.0, 70.9 y 83.8% de Ndda, respectivamente. Las especies L. rotundiflorus y L. mexicanus solamente mostraron valores significativos de N fijado hasta los 122 Dds.Conclusiones: Bajo las condiciones de este estudio se puede concluir que L. exaltatus se caracterizó por ser la especie más eficiente en la fijación de N atmosférico, debido a una favorable simbiosis entre las raíces y las bacterias nativas del suelo fijadoras de N atmosférico.
RESUMENSe evaluó el efecto de las propiedades edáficas y del contenido nutrimental foliar en el crecimiento de árboles de teca con 2 años de edad en el municipio Ruiz, Nayarit. Se eligieron tres sitios dentro de una plantación y se analizaron física y químicamente las muestras de suelo; también se determinó el porcentaje de minerales en hojas de los estratos superior e inferior del dosel, colectados en cuatro distintas épocas del año. Los resultados se correlacionaron con la altura total y el diámetro del tallo. El sustrato franco arenoso con poca materia orgánica influyó en la disminución de la capacidad de intercambio catiónico (CIC) y ocasionó una reducción en la concentración de nutrientes del suelo y en las hojas; todo ello derivó en un menor desarrollo tanto en la altura, como en el diámetro. El porcentaje de arcilla en el suelo se relacionó con el aumento del diámetro (r= 0.8378), las hojas superiores tuvieron mayores porcentajes de N, P y K (2.26, 0.19 y 0.63 % respectivamente) y en las inferiores hubo más Ca; se registró variación estacional en la cantidad de Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg y Mn; fue más elevada en época seca. En cambio, el Zn se favoreció durante las lluvias; N, P y K se mantuvieron constantes todo el año; K y P incidieron de manera positiva en el crecimiento de teca.Palabras claves: Hojas, nutrimentos, nutrición vegetal, plantaciones forestales, suelo forestal, Tectona grandis L. f. ABSTRACTThe effect of the edaphic properties and of the foliar content of nutrients on the growth of 2-year old teak trees in the municipality of Ruiz, Nayarit, was assessed. Three sites within a plantation were chosen, and soil samples were physically and chemically analyzed; besides, the percentage of minerals in the leaves of the upper and lower strata of the canopy, collected at four different times of the year, was determined. The results were correlated with the total height and the stem diameter. The sandy, loamy substratum with little organic matter had an impact on the reduction of the cationic exchange capacity (CEC) and caused a reduction in the concentration of nutrients in the soil and the leaves; all this derived in a reduced development both in height and in diameter. The percentage of clay in the soil was related to the increase in diameter (r= 0.8378); the upper leaves had higher percentages of N, P and K (2.26, 0.19 and 0.63 % respectively), and in the lower leaves there was more Ca; a seasonal variation in the amounts of Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg and Mn was registered; these increased during the dry season. On the other hand, Zn was favored during the rains; N, P and K kept constant through the year. K and P had a positive influence on teak growth.
Protein isolates prepared by alkaline solubilization followed by isoelectric precipitation and freeze-drying from six varieties of Lupinus angustifolius (Haags Blaue, Sonate, Probor, Borlu, Boregine, and Boruta) grown in Mexico were evaluated for functional properties: nitrogen solubility, water-holding capacity (WHC), oil holding capacity (OHC), emulsion activity index (EAI), emulsion stability index (ESI), foaming capacity (FC), foam stability (FS), and gelling minimum concentration (GMC). The nitrogen solubility values, WHC, OHC, and FC did not show significant differences between the protein isolates. The solubility of the isolates was minimal at pH of 4.0 and 5.0 while the regions of maximum solubility were found at pH of 2.0 and 10.0. There were significant differences in EAI and ESI depending on the varieties used. The isolates of the Boregine and Borlu varieties showed the highest EAI with 29.3 and 28.3 m 2 g −1 , respectively, while the lowest index was recorded in the isolate obtained from the Sonate variety (24.6 m 2 g −1 ). Like solubility, these indices also increased at both extremes of pH evaluated; both properties were minimal in the isoelectric pH range (4.0 to 5.0).
Objective To evaluate iron bioavailability of roots and cooked seeds of Lupinus rotundiflorus for human consumption using a low-iron-diet rat model. Methods A hemoglobin depletion–repletion test was performed using rats. A standard diet containing 8mg kg-1 of iron was used. Three experimental diets were prepared based on the standard diet: 2.3g of root flour added to D1, 21.5g cooked seed flour added to D2, and 0.03g of ferrous sulfate added to D3 (control diet), adjusting iron concentration of the diets to 24mg kg-1. Hemoglobin regeneration efficiency was used to measure iron bioavailability. Results Hemoglobin regeneration efficiency showed values of 13.80+2.49%, 13.70+1.60% and 18.38+1.56 in D1, D2 and D3 respectively, and biological relative values of 72.8, 75.08, and 100.00% (.<0.05). Conclusion Roots and cooked seeds of Lupinus rotundiflorus showed potential iron bioavailability, despite being a vegetal source, which could also encourage the study of other species of lupin as a source of iron.
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