PurposeTo determine the effect of phacoemulsification on macular volume and thickness using spectral domain optical coherence tomography examinations.MethodsTwenty-seven eyes of 27 subjects who underwent phacoemulsification were studied. All nine areas of the macula were examined by spectral domain optical coherence tomography preoperatively and 2 months postoperatively. Effective phacoemulsification time and absolute phacoemulsification time were also recorded.ResultsThere were statistically significant differences in macular thickness between preoperative and postoperative spectral domain optical coherence tomography examinations in nine areas including macular volume. In the paracentral macular area, the thickness of three quadrants significantly increased (superior P=0.015; temporal P=0.001; and nasal P=0.023). Peripheral macular thickness also increased significantly in the superior (P=0.05) and temporal macular areas (P<0.001). The macular volume increased significantly after phacoemulsification (P<0.001). There were no correlations between absolute/effective phacoemulsification time and macular cellular structures (P>0.05), but a significant correlation (P=0.011) was found between absolute phacoemulsification time and change in macular volume.ConclusionMacular thickness changes in the nasal, superior, and temporal quadrants of the paracentral area and the superior and temporal quadrants of the peripheral area, as well as macular volume, may be used as detailed biomarkers to measure the effects of intraocular pressure fluctuations and maneuvers in phacoemulsification intraocular surgeries.

Abstract. Biocellulose mask sheet is a new found pharmaceutical cosmetic design that widely commercial. Mostly due to it’s biodegradable properties, provide an eco-friendly waste. Combination of Aloe vera essence (AE) and Vit E to provide and determine it’s respective anti-acne properties in biocellulose mask form. Formulation of biocellulose mask with the help of Acetobacter xylinum bacteria varied with different formulae: F1 (Vitamin E 1%), F2 (E 2.5 %), F3 (AE 5%), F4 (AE 2.5%+Vit E 1%) and F5 (AE 5%+Vit E 1%) followed antimicrobials test with common acne bacteria by diffusion disk against Propionibacterium acne (PAC) ATCC 6919 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PAA) ATCC 27853. Study revealed that each formulae design F1; F2; F3; F4; F5 tested against PAC diffusion disk resulted 7.86; 11.67; 10.13; 112.10; 10.33 mm respectively. As for PAA diffusion disk resulted 7.76; 11.63; 10.33; 11.67; 11.00 mm respectively. Biocellulose mask containing combination of AE 2.5% and Vit E (F4) would provide the best anti-acne activity amongst other formulae.

Objective: The purpose of this study is modificated extraction method to obtain gum from Arenga pinnata Merr. and their purity test.Methods: Gum has been extracted from palm seed using distilled water by centrifugation and warming. Characterization of gum was done by scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersivse X-ray and spectrophotometer infrared. Gum refluxed with HCl 2 N for 14 h would be the monomer. Galactose and mannose were used as standard. Purity test was done by the thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and Luff Schoorl method.Results: The study results obtained that the modification methods (4.8%) and centrifugation (4.6%). Identification of functional groups with the spectrophotometer infrared provided the same spectrum forms between the two methods. Purity test by TLC with the best eluen butanol: ethanol:water 2:2:2. Luff Schoorl’s method gives results of 87.46%, whereas the raw comparison galactose-mannose standard 96.69%.Conclusions: The modification method gives more results with the same purity rate as the centrifugation method.

Objective: The objective of this study was to formulate and evaluate the moringa seed oil (MSO) nanoemulsion gel using high-energy emulsification method. Methods: Nanoemulsion gel formulated by high-energy emulsification method using the comparison of surfactant (tween 80) and cosurfactant (sorbitol) concentration with the variation of moringa seed oil concentration. Evaluation of the stability of the nanoemulsion gel preparation includes centrifugation test, viscosity, pH, organoleptic observation (odor, color, clarity, and phase separation), and particle size measurement during 12 weeks storage at room temperature. Results: The results showed that all nanoemulsion gel preparations are transparent yellow, characteristic odor, type weights 1.0888–1.1193 g/ml, and stable for 12 weeks storage at room temperature. The smallest particle size produced by the nanoemulsion gel preparation in a formula of the concentration of 5%, which 52.25 nm. Conclusions: Moringa seed oil can be formulated as a nanoemulsion gel by high energy emulsification method. MSO  with a 5% concentration was very stable for 12 weeks storage.  

Objective: The study aimed to investigate the characteristic pectin from banana peels (Musa balbisiana ABB) and formulation as a polymeric carrier in gastrorententive floating beads.Methods: Pectin from banana peel was isolated using a citric acid solvent with varying concentration (2.5%, 5%, and 7.5%) at 80°C for 90 min. Characterization of pectin included determination of yield, equivalent weight methoxyl content (Me), galacturonic acid (GaA), and degree esterification. Floating beads of amoxicillin prepared by the ionotropic gelation method used calcium ion as cross-linking and sodium bicarbonate as gas-forming agent. Three formulations of amoxicillin were formulated using different percentage of pectin. The prepared beads were evaluated for particle size, drug entrapment efficiency, morphological study, floating lag time, floating time, swelling properties, in vitro drug release, and study of drug release kinetics.Results: The result showed citric acid concentration 7.5% was optimum condition for isolated pectin from banana peels with the percent of yield was 9.51%; 6.29% Me; 62.82% GaA; and degree of esterification 48.46%. Floating time of beads was ≥12 h and drug entrapment efficiency F3 was highest (51%). In vitro drug release confirmed F3 was the best formulation as it releases 92% at 5 h with followed Higuchi model kinetics drug release. Floating beads amoxicillin showed differences of drug release compared with conventional dosage form of amoxicillin (p<0.05).Conclusion: This study confirmed these beads can entrap amoxicillin and also can successfully deliver the drug targeted stomach for a prolong duration drug release.