No abstract

The present study aimed to analyze sera proteins in females with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, grade III (CIN III) and in healthy control females, in order to identify a potential biomarker which detects lesions that have a greater probability of cervical transformation. The present study investigated five sera samples from females who were Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) 16+ and who had been histopathologically diagnosed with CIN III, as well as five sera samples from healthy control females who were HPV-negative. Protein separation was performed using two-dimensional (2D) gel electrophoresis and the proteins were stained with Colloidal Coommassie Blue. Quantitative analysis was performed using ImageMaster 2D Platinum 6.0 software. Peptide sequence identification was performed using a nano-LC ESIMS/MS system. The proteins with the highest Mascot score were validated using western blot analysis in an additional 55 sera samples from the control and CIN III groups. The eight highest score spots that were found to be overexpressed in the CIN III sera group were identified as α-1-B glycoprotein (A1BG), complement component 3 (C3), a pro-apolipoprotein, two apolipoproteins and three haptoglobins. Only A1BG and C3 were validated using western blot analysis, and the bands were compared between the two groups using densitometry analysis. The relative density of the bands of A1BG and C3 was found to be greater in all of the serum samples from the females with CIN III, compared with those of the individuals in the control group. In summary, the present study identified two proteins whose expression was elevated in females with CIN III, suggesting that they could be used as biomarkers for CIN III. However, further investigations are required in order to assess the expression of A1BG and C3 in different pre-malignant lesions.

Resumen: Se plantea un análisis ético de aspectos relacionados con la introducción de nuevas vacunas contra el Virus del Papiloma Humano en México, cuya política de distribución atiende a la equidad más que a la igualdad y tiene como ejes fundamentales abarcar a las personas más vulnerables y al costo más bajo posible, es decir, atiende a los principios de justicia distributiva. El esquema inicial de vacunación contra este virus en México se ha focalizado a la población femenina más marginada, la cual se concentra en las mujeres indígenas. Las estrategias de distribución de nuevas vacunas deberán tomar en consideración las características específicas en que se desenvuelven estos grupos y analizar las implicaciones éticas que tales medidas conllevan. Sin ello, una política de salud pública podría aumentar las desigualdades en materia de salud.Palabras clave: política de vacunación México, vacuna VPH, cuestionamientos éticos, inequidades y desigualdades en salud, justicia distributiva, política focalizadaThe policy focused on the HPV vaccination program against Human Papilloma Virus in Mexico: ethics aspects Abstract: This article raises an ethical analysis of issues related to the introduction of new vaccines againstHuman Papillomavirus in Mexico, whose distribution policy attend to equity more than equality, and has as fundamental axes to cover the most vulnerable people and the lowest cost possible, i.e. serving the principles of distributive justice. The initial scheme of vaccination against this virus in Mexico has been focused on the most marginalized female population, which focuses on indigenous women. Distribution strategies for new vaccines must take into account the specific characteristics that develop these groups and analyze the ethical implications that such measures will involve; without this public health policy could increase health inequalities. Key words:Mexico's vaccination policy, HPV vaccine, ethical issues, inequities and inequalities in health, distributive justice, focalized policy Na política centrada no programa de vacinação contra o HPV no México: Suas dilema éticoResumo: O propósito foi fazer uma análise ética das questões relacionadas com a introdução de novas vacinas contra o Papilomavírus Humano, no México, cuja política de distribuição serve apenas para a equidade mais do que para a igualdade e tem como eixos fundamentais abrangir os mais vulneráveis e os menores custos possíveis, isto é, servindo aos princípios de justiça distributiva. O regime inicial da vacinação contra esse vírus no México tem sido focado na população feminina mais marginalizada, que incide sobre as mulheres indígenas. As estraté-gias de distribuição de novas vacinas devem tomar em consideração as características específicas que desses grupos e analisar as implicações éticas que tais medidas implicam, sem isso a política de saúde pública poderia aumentar as desigualdades na saúde.Palavras-chave: política de vacinação México, Vacina contra o HPV, questões éticas, as iniqüidades e desigualdades em saúde, justiça...

Breast cancer is a disease in which abnormal cell proliferation leads to uncontrolled growth of breast tissue. Breast cancer can start in various areas of the breast, such as the ducts, lobes, and, in some cases, the intervening tissue. For many years, inflammatory infiltrates in tumors have been suggested to reflect the origin of cancer; however, little is known about the function of chronic inflammation in malignant transformation.Sex hormones are associated with many types of cancer, such as colon, cervical, and especially breast. Estrogen-dependent breast cancer (EDBC) constitutes approximately 50% to 80% of all cases of breast cancer. Furthermore, estrogen-dependency is linked to the initiation of malignancy by promoting the growth and proliferation of mammary cells and it is related to prognosis and treatment. The correlation between sex hormones and breast cancer has been recognized for decades, but the mechanisms of this association remain unknown.In recent years, a more enriched landscape of this relationship has emerged. Intervention by the immune system in cancer begins with the detection of transformed cells and their proliferation--not with the defense and effort to restrain an established tumoral mass. In the late 1950s, Burnet introduced the immunosurveillance theory, which proposes that immune system cells detect and attack transformed cells, eliciting an adaptive response that succeeds and eliminates them or fails, leading to the formation of a tumoral mass and cancer onset.Conversely, sex hormones are important modulators of the immune system. Growing evidence demonstrates a reciprocal relationship between sex steroids and the immune system. Because the innate immune response determines the type of adaptive immunity that develops, hormonal effects on the former can affect adaptive responses. The sex steroids estrogens, progesterone, and testosterone regulate the growth, differentiation, survival, and function of many cell types that mediate homeostasis, immunity, and breast cancer. The presence of sex steroid receptors on immune cells indicates that sex steroids exert their effects by binding to them. Sex steroids and immunity are inextricably linked, and their mutual regulation influences the maintenance of the immune balance.Understanding the mechanisms of action of sex steroids on immune cells is paramount to developing novel therapies for chronic diseases that are associated to immune dysregulation, such as breast cancer. This chapter describes the risk factors in breast cancer, the hormonal factors that are involved, the immunological response toward cancer, and the effects of sex steroids on immune system cells and their implications for the incidence of breast cancer.