Triclosan (TCS) is an antimicrobial compound used in consumer products. The purpose of current study was to examine toxicology and risk assessment of TCS based on available data. Acute toxicities of oral, transdermal and inhalation routes were low, and phototoxicity and neurotoxicity were not observed. Topical treatment of TCS to animal caused mild irritation. TCS did not induce reproductive and developmental toxicity in rodents. In addition, genotoxicity was not considered based on in vitro and in vivo tests of TCS. It is not classified as a carcinogen in international authorities such as International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). No-observed-adverseeffect level (NOAEL) was determined 12 mg/kg bw/day for TCS, based on haematoxicity and reduction of absolute and relative spleen weights in a 104-week oral toxicity study in rats. Percutaneous absorption rate was set as 14%, which was human skin absorption study reported by National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme (NICNAS) (2009). The systemic exposure dosage (SED) of TCS has been derived by two scenarios depending on the cosmetics usage of Koreans. The first scenario is the combined use of representative cosmetics and oral care products. The second scenario is the combined use of rinse-off products of cleansing, deodorants, coloring products, and oral care products. SEDs have been calculated as 0.14337 mg/kg bw/day for the first scenario and 0.04733 mg/kg bw/day for the second scenario. As a result, margin of safety (MOS) for the first and second scenarios was estimated to 84 and 253.5, respectively. Based on these results, exposure of TCS contained in rinse-off products, deodorants, and coloring products would not pose a significant health risk when it is used up to 0.3%.

Skeletal muscle can be ultrastructurally damaged by eccentric exercise, and the damage causes metabolic disruption in muscle. This study aimed to determine changes in the metabolomic patterns in urine and metabolomic markers in muscle damage after eccentric exercise. Five men and 6 women aged 19~23 years performed 30 min of the bench step exercise at 70 steps per min at a determined step height of 110% of the lower leg length, and stepping frequency at 15 cycles per min. 1H NMR spectral analysis was performed in urine collected from all participants before and after eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage conventionally determined using a visual analogue scale (VAS) and maximal voluntary contraction (MVC). Urinary metabolic profiles were built by multivariate analysis of principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least square-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) using SIMCA-P. From the OPLS-DA, men and women were separated 2 hr after the eccentric exercise and the separated patterns were maintained or clarified until 96 hr after the eccentric exercise. Subsequently, urinary metabolic profiles showed distinct trajectory patterns between men and women. Finally, we found increased urinary metabolites (men: alanine, asparagine, citrate, creatine phosphate, ethanol, formate, glucose, glycine, histidine, and lactate; women: adenine) after the eccentric exercise. These results could contribute to understanding metabolic responses following eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage in humans.

No abstract

No abstract

DNA nanostructures have been widely studied in biomedical research contributing to targeted treatment of chronic diseases. The immunostimulatory X L -DNA nanostructures of X-shaped oligodeoxynucleotides complex are previously reported, activating toll-like receptor9 in dendritic cells. This study examines whether the X L -DNA could be therapeutically applied to treat immune diseases such as atopic dermatitis. To optimize topical delivery, liposomeencapsulated X L -DNA (Lipo-X L -DNA) is generated using emulsion transfer method with lipid layers composed of 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1′-rac-glycerol), and cholesterol. Size distribution of Lipo-X L -DNA ranges around 90-160 nm with mean diameter of 115.44 ± 18.72 nm. The morphology is confirmed by transmission electron microscope. Zeta potential is −28.59 mV. Confocal microscopy shows that Lipo-X L -DNA is efficiently delivered into epidermis and dermis. Topical application of Lipo-X L -DNA effectively alleviates atopic dermatitis symptoms in mice, as shown by dermatitis score, histological evaluation, and serum immunoglobulin E levels. RNA-seq analysis confirms that Lipo-X L -DNA reduces pro-inflammatory products, but increases epidermal barrier homeostasis factors in atopic dermatitis lesions. Lipo-X L -DNA orchestrates immune balance by downregulating Th2 immunity, but upregulating Th1 immunity. Collectively, liposome encapsulation enables efficient transdermal delivery of X L -DNA, for an effective treatment of atopic dermatitis in mice. The results provide a promising therapeutic strategy using X L -DNA nanostructures to treat immune-compromised diseases.