The toxicity of composite resin on rabbit dental pulp was investigated biochemically. A microsomal fraction of rabbit dental pulp was incubated with each of the components of composite resins, and the formation of peroxide was determined by the thiobarbituric acid reaction. Benzoyl peroxide (BPO), the most widely used catalyst, was the most effective on peroxidation, but monomers were not. Cations such as Cu2+ or Fe2+ were required for acceleration of this reaction. Authentic polyunsaturated fatty acids and phospholipids were extensively converted into their peroxides by BPO, but amino acids and carbohydrates were not. Among the active oxygens, hydroxyl radicals were thought to be responsible for BPO-dependent peroxidation. The results presented in this paper indicate that the lipid portion of the cells may be attacked by hydroxyl radicals produced by BPO and copper or iron. Therefore, BPO is considered to be the major factor responsible for the toxicity of composite resins.

Background: Oxidative stress is thought to be closely related to epileptogenesis. We have previously reported that nitric oxide (NO) levels are higher in epilepsy-prone EL mice between the ages of 3 and 8 weeks than in control mice. However, NO is divided into two fractions, nitrite (NO2) and nitrate (NO3), which appear to play different roles in epileptogenesis.Methods: NO2 and NO3 levels were measured, in EL mice and the control mice, in the parietal cortex, which is thought to be the primary epileptogenetic center in EL mice, and measured in the hippocampus, which is thought to be the secondary center.Results: NO3 levels in the hippocampus and parietal cortex of the immature EL mice (3 to 8 weeks of age) were significantly higher than those in the control mice; NO2 levels were significantly higher in the EL mice throughout the study period. The NO3 levels were significantly higher than the NO2 levels in the immature EL mice, but after the onset of ictogenesis at 10 weeks of age, the relative levels of the two fractions reversed. Conclusion:The reversal of the NO fraction distribution at the onset of seizures that we observed may be related to the developmental process of seizure susceptibility in the neural network of EL mice.

Background: The precise timing as to when caregivers should take their children to the hospital is crucial to ensure the health and safety of children. As children cannot make these decisions on their own, caregivers bear the core responsibility for the wellness of their children. The aim of this study was to determine how disease, disabilities and child behavior can influence when and how often caregivers take their children to the hospital. Methods:A structured anonymous online survey was circulated to pediatricians in Japan. Pediatricians were queried about the patients' dispositions including their reactivity to pain, expression of pain, behavior at the hospital, and the timing of the visit. Patients were school-aged children and included those with autism spectrum disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, Down syndrome, mental retardation, epilepsy, premature birth or allergies.Results: Sixty-eight out of the 80 pediatricians responded to the survey (85% response rate). The results indicated that caregivers of the children with autism spectrum disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and mental retardation took them to the hospital later than they should have essentially done. Conversely, children born prematurely or those with allergies were taken to the hospitals even when the symptoms were mild. Conclusions:Caregivers make decisions on when to visit the hospital based on the child's expression of pain and their behavior. The creation of guidelines to give appropriate guidance to caregivers as to when to visit the hospital is essential.

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expert) clinical assessment of patient came to Child and Youth protection Center, Zagreb, Croatia, in case of adverse childhood experiences, acording ACEs (Adverse Childhood Experience score) ! 4. From 2015 -2019 in Child and Youth Protection Center Zagreb we prospectively observed 1053 children with ! 4. We were looking for presence of minor neurological dysfunctions (gross motor function, mild dysfunction in posture, reflexes, coordination, fine manipulative ability, fine motor disfunction, dyskinesia and excessive associated movements). For those with ACES !4, and neurodevelopmental delay, EEG was indicated. We also evaluated simptoms of impulsivity, hyperactivity, and an inability to focus.Neglect, physical and emotional abuse and high conflict divorce are the most important adverse experiences resulting in deviations in neurodevelopment.Impulsive behaviour, and other form of ADHD 'like' variants are significantly more frequent (over 50%) in children with history of some kind of abuse or neglect. Over 70% of patients with ACES !4 showed dysrhytmic or other form of nonspecific changes in EEG.In order to understand better the processes of the effects of toxic stress on the developing brain and identify forms of intervention, we have to apply several levels of studyscientific and theoretical, empirical and professional. An integrative paradigm in an approach to neurodevelopmental disorders caused by negative environmental factors provides the conceptual framework for further insight.