Introduction. Vaginal vault prolapse is a common complication following vaginal hysterectomy with negative impact on women's quality of life due to associated urinary, anorectal and sexual dysfunction. A clear understanding of the supporting mechanism for the uterus and vagina is important in making the right choice of corrective procedure. Management should be individualised, taking into consideration the surgeon's experience, patients age, comorbidities, previous surgery and sex life. Result. Preexisting pelvic floor defect prior to hysterectomy is the single most important risk factor for vault prolapse. Various surgical techniques have been advanced at hysterectomy to prevent vault prolapse. Studies have shown the McCall's culdoplasty under direct visualisation to be superior. Vault prolapse repair rely on either the use of patient's tissue or synthetic materials and can be carried out abdominally or vaginally. Sacrospinous fixation and abdominal sacrocolpopexy are the commonly performed procedures, with literature in favour of abdominal sacrocolpopexy over sacrospinous fixation due to its reported higher success rate of about 90%. Other less commonly performed procedures include uterosacral ligament suspension and illiococcygeal fixation, both of which are equally effective, with the former having a high risk of ureteric injury. Colpoclesis will play a greater role in the future as the aging population increases. Mesh procedures are gaining in popularity, and preliminary data from vaginal mesh procedures is encouraging. Laparoscopic techniques require a high level of skill and experience. There are many controversies on the mechanism of prolapse and management techniques, which we have tried to address in this article. Conclusion. As the aging population increases, the incidence of prolapse will also rise, older techniques using native tissue will continue, while new techniques using the mesh needs to be studied further. The later may well be the way forward in future.

Summary Detomidine (Domosedan) was administered to four groups of donkeys, using four different dosages (5, 10, 20 and 40μg/kg bwt) intravenously. The drug provided adequate sedation at dosages of 5 and 10 μg/kg bwt. Sedation deepened only slightly by increasing the dose. Analgesia was considered good with a dose of 20 μg/kg, and 40 μg/kg provided a deep analgesia associated with a longer duration. No significant changes had been observed in haematocrit (PCV), haemoglobin content (Hb%), total red and white cell counts and differential leucocytic counts. It was concluded that detomidine is a valuable sedative and analgesic drug to be used in donkeys without any serious implications.

Summary A six year old buffalo was admitted with a chronic indurated swelling at the left ramus of the mandible since 3 months. The radiographic picture showed a large osteolytic area and soft tissue swelling at the cheek teeth of the mandible. His topathological examination disclosed neoplastic epithelial cells arranged in islands and cords. The cells were arranged in palisade form resembling the ameloblasts. The clinical findings, the radiographic features and the criteria of the neoplastic cells confirmed an ameloblastoma in a buffalo.

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