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BackgroundEpidemiological studies associate consumption of whole grain foods, including breads, with reduced cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk; however, few studies have compared wheat whole grains with wheat refined grains.MethodsThis study investigated effects of 6-week consumption of whole grain wheat sourdough bread in comparison to white bread on fasting serum lipids in normoglycemic/normoinsulinemic (NGI; n = 14) and hyperglycemic/hyperinsulinemic (HGI; n = 14) adults. The influence of single-nucleotide polymorphisms, 3 within the APOE gene (E2, E3, E4) and 2 within the hepatic lipase gene promoter (LIPC -514C>T, LIPC -250G>A) were considered.ResultsAt baseline, HGI participants had significantly higher body weight, waist circumference, body fat, and fasted glucose, insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), glucagon, triacylglycerols (TAG) and TAG:HDL-cholesterol, compared to NGI participants; however, none of these in addition to none of the other serum lipids, differed between bread treatments, within either participant group. For participants with the APOE E3/E3 genotype, LDL-cholesterol (P = 0.02) increased in the NGI group (n = 7), and TAG (P = 0.03) and TAG:HDL-cholesterol (P = 0.04) increased in the HGI group (n = 10), following consumption of whole grain wheat sourdough compared to white bread.ConclusionsIn summary, 6-week consumption of whole grain wheat sourdough bread did not significantly modulate serum lipids in NGI or HGI adults; however, it significantly increased LDL-cholesterol, TAG and TAG:HDL-cholesterol in participants with the APOE E3/E3 genotype. These data add to limited literature comparing wheat whole grains to wheat refined grains on CVD risk and highlight the need to consider genetic variation in relation to lipoprotein lipid content and CVD risk.

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Modifiable cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors include obesity, dyslipidemia and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Non‐modifiable CVD risk factors can include single‐nucleotide polymorphisms such as those within APOE and hepatic lipase (LIPC) genes. Comparison of risk factors across varying levels of CVD risk can help to elucidate the most relevant biomarkers for risk assessment. This study included data from men and postmenopausal women (n=39) with or without dysglycemia and obesity, and with diet‐controlled T2D, to examine multiple CVD risk factors using glycemic status and APOE and LIPC −514C>T polymorphisms as response variables. Predictor variables included 23 anthropometric, fasting glycemic and lipidemic biomarkers, oral glucose tolerance test area under the curve and dietary data. Relationships between CVD risk factors and levels were investigated via cluster analysis, logistic regression, ANOVA and Pearson's chi‐square test. Results identified 3 clusters among glucose, insulin and incretins that corresponded to distinct CVD risk levels. Age and fasting glucose in all participants and those with APOE E3/E3 genotype were significant and LIPC genotypes were related to CVD risk levels. This study highlights potential CVD risk factors through cluster analysis and supports current CVD risk screening.Grant Funding Source: Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs