Objective:Nucleus accumbens (NAcc) has a role in addiction and ingestive behavior. In order to assess orexinergic system involved in this, we infused Orexin A antagonist and assessed the effect on food intake fluid intake and alcohol preference in Wistar rats.Materials and Methods:Inbred Wistar rats (n = 54) were divided into control and experimental groups (low dose and high dose). Using stereotaxic method, guide cannula was set in place bilaterally to reach NAcc. Low dose (3 ng) and high dose (6 ng) of Orexin A antagonist (SB-334867) was infused, and the food consumption, water intake and alcohol intake, and two bottle free choice preference test for alcohol were carried out in the experimental group. The control group received saline infusion and rest of the methods followed were same. The measurements were carried out immediately after the infusion, at 1 h, 2 h, 4 h, and for the whole day and represented in the figure and tables.Results:A decrease in water intake observed immediately after the infusion in 1st h (P < 0.05) and 2nd h (P < 0.01), which was more in high dose group compared to low dose and controls. Alcohol intake was also following the same pattern. In two bottle free choice, rats did not show any specific preference to alcohol.Conclusion:There was dose dependent reduction in intake of food and fluids in treated rats. This suggested a possible role for orexinergic system in ingestive behavior. However, Orexin A may not have a role in modulation of alcohol addiction by the rewarding center NAcc.

Introduction: First trimester bleed is common symptom of pregnancy, complicating 16-25% of all pregnancies. Nearly 50% of pregnancies land up in abortions and the rest land up with poor maternal and fetal outcomes. Aims and Objectives: To evaluate whether threatened abortion makes pregnancy high risk and has effect on maternal and neonatal outcome. Materials and Methods: It is a prospective study done at hospitals attached to BMCRI during August 2015-August 2017. A total of 300 patients were included in the study, of these, 150 patients had threatened abortion (Group A) and 150 patients were as control group (Group B) without vaginal bleed. 2 groups were compared with Data regarding age, parity, symptoms, obstetric history, examination, co morbidities, pregnancy period, live birth or pregnancy loss, preterm, birth weight and APGAR, investigation findings, associated pathology and treatment modality. They were tabulated and analysed. Results: Incidence of preterm delivery, abortions, low fetal weight, and PROM was increased in threatened abortion group. Mean pregnancy period was in threatened miscarriage group was 243 days; in control group was 263 days. There was adverse influence of maternal age and abortion history on outcomes in pregnancies with threatened miscarriage. However sex of the fetuses and Apgar values after 1 and 5 minutes were similar between two groups. Conclusion: Threatened miscarriage is an important situation to predict both the maternal and fetal outcomes in late pregnancy. Maternal obstetric history on previous pregnancies should be questioned. It is therefore essential to consider these pregnancies as high risk group and provide careful antenatal care.

OBJECTIVE: 1. To compare screening and diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus by Diabetes In Pregnancy Study Group of India (DIPSI) recommended 75g oral glucose challenge test with O'Sullivan's 50 g oral glucose challenge test. 2. To note the prevalence of gestational diabetes in antenatal population. 3. Fetal Outcome of pregnancy with impaired and abnormal glucose tolerance. METHODS: A detailed history from antenatal patients was taken to reveal all risk factors. The procedure of the study was explained and required consent for the study was taken. Examination of the patients was done and all relevant data was obtained. Fasting blood glucose was taken of all antenatal patients at their first visit. Pregnant women at 24-28 weeks were tested with 50g oral glucose load or 75g oral glucose load, at random. Patients were give 50g glucose irrespective of the meal and 1 hour venous blood sample was collected. Patients of 75 g of oral glucose were asked to come in fasting state, 75g of glucose was given, following which 2 hour venous sample was collected. Blood glucose was tested by GOD-POD method. Diagnosis of GDM was made when the plasma glucose of >140mg/dL.

Benign invasion of endometrial tissue into the myometrium of uterus is known as adenomyosis. It is found typically between the age of 35-50 years. Prevalence is 6-39%. Modern imaging techniques, both ultrasound (TAS, TVS) and MRI have made possible, for the first time, a non-invasive identification of adenomyosis. Aims & Objectives: To analyse the spectrum of presentation of adenomyosis and to determine the accuracy of clinical examination and imaging modalities in the diagnosis. Materials and Methods: It is a retrospective study done at hospitals attached to Bangalore Medical College & Research Institute during august 2016-august 2017. The HPE reports and case records of all the hysterectomy specimens were reviewed. Data regarding age, parity, symptoms, obstetric history, examination, co morbidities, investigation findings, associated pathology and treatment modality were noted. They were tabulated and analysed. Results: Out of the 50 patients, 56% were in the age group of 41-50 years. The prevalence of adenomyosis in our study was only 10% in post-menopausal women when compared to the age group 41-50yrs (56%). Multiparous women had 94% incidence of adenomyosis. 26% of women had prior uterine surgeries. 22% of cases had history of infertility in this study. 56% had menstrual disturbances. Dysmenorrhea & Dyspareunia were the next common symptoms. Fibroid was the commonest associated pathology (38%). 34% had hyperplasia of endometrium whereas 66% had no pathology. Imaging picked up only 40% of cases contrary to 36% of clinical diagnosis and was raised to 66% with gross examination of specimen and 100% with HPE. Conclusion: Adenomyosis has a varied presentation. Ultrasound fails to diagnose all the cases. Clinical examination is a better modality. Associated pathology may mask the clinical features of adenomyosis, and diagnosis may be missed. Presently HPE is probably the gold standard for diagnosing adenomyosis.