The aim of this study was to analyze the climatic data parameters in an interesting catchment, northern Iraq, the Koysinjaq catchment. The climatic conditions were further utilized in the water balance technique. The investigated periods (2000-2019) of meteorological data were used to assess the climatic and drought conditions in Koysinjaq Basin. In terms of water availability, the mean annual rainfall was 595mm and relative humidity was 50.3%, whereas regarding the water losses elements, the total monthly evaporation is 2058.3 mm, temperature, wind speed and sunshine were 22.3 oC, 2 m/sec, and 7.8 hr/day respectively. Kharrufa method was employed to define potential evapotranspiration, and identify periods of water surplus and deficit. The results indicated that total potential evapotranspiration, water surplus and deficit are 2209.04 mm, 258.2 mm, and 1872.4 mm respectively. Different methods were used for climate classification like Mather, Unep, and Al-Kubaisi, the results of these classifications show that climate is dry-sub humid according to the first classification, semi-arid according to the second classification, and humid to moist according to the third classification.

The present research attempts to study detail morphometric analysis ofHarrir and Shaqlawa watersheds in the northeastern part of Erbil city, north of Iraq. The areas of the watersheds are 350 Km² and 223 Km² for Harrir and Shaqlawa, respectively. To achieve the aims of this study, the ALOS PALSAR Digital Elevation Model data, and Geo-information (Remote sensing and GIS) techniques were used for determining and analyzing morphometric parameters in terms linear, aerial and relief aspects. Several tools in ArcGIS 10.4 software were utilized for preparing and producing maps, analyzing and assessing various characteristics of the parameters. The main results show that there is a strong inverse relationship between stream order, number and length of the stream in the watersheds of the study area by R² values (R² = 0.78 and 0.81 of Harrir watershed and R² = 0.8 and 0.79 for Shaqlawa watershed, respectively). The watersheds are elongated in shape with dendritic, sub dendritic to parallel drainage patterns. Moreover, detail morphometric analysis shows that the watersheds have a low runoff, low permeable material, and moderate slope. The structural geology and climatic parameters of the study area have influenced the landform development and stream behavior in the watersheds. Hence, the present study is useful and essential for watershed management and planning rainfall harvesting.

Studying groundwater quality in arid and semi-arid regions is essential significant because it is used as a foremost alternative source for various purposes (human and animal consumption, economic, agriculture and irrigation). Geographic Information System and Water Quality Index techniques were utilized for visualizing and evaluating the variations of groundwater quality in the studied area. Total twelve wells were sampled and twelve groundwater quality (chemical) parameters; pH, Total Alkalinity, Total Hardness (TH), Total Dissolved Solid (TDS), Electrical Conductivity (Ec), Potassium (K), Nitrate (NO3), Sulfate (SO4), Chloride (Cl), Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg) and Sodium (Na) were analyzed in the laboratory. Inverse Distance Weighted technique was used as a useful tool to create and anticipate spatial variation maps of the chemical parameters. Predicting or anticipating other areas not measured, identifying them and making use of them in the future without examining samples. The results of this research showed that 8.3% of the studied wells have excellent groundwater quality, and almost sampling wells about 75% found in good groundwater quality, while findings of groundwater quality of 16.7% studied wells belong to poor water quality due to standards of Water Quality Index. Moreover, spatial analysis in term of groundwater quality map showed that Excellent groundwater quality was detected in well 3, very good groundwater potential was noticed in six studied wells (wells 2, 6, 8, 10, 11 and 12), and other sampling wells (wells 4 and 7) were observed as good groundwater quality, while poor water quality was observed in wells (well 1 and 5). Hence, spatial distribution maps showed that the almost groundwater quality in the area about 1046.82 km² (99.04%) are suitable for drinking purpose, whereas proximate 10.18 km² (0.96%) are observed as poor water quality and inappropriate for consumptions especially in the southern part of the area.

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In recent decades, floods have been the most common, complex, and destructive natural calamities worldwide. Hence, for inclusive flood risk assessment, creating flood susceptibility mapping to demarcate flood-vulnerable zones is fundamental for decision makers. To assess flood-prone locations in the Akre, Iraqi Kurdistan Region, fundamental for susceptibility mapping was undertaken using geographic information systems, remote sensing, and an analytic hierarchy process model. To assess flood susceptibility, the geographic information systems framework used 15 ideal causative factors for flooding: altitude, slope, distance to streams, flow accumulation, drainage density, rainfall, soil type, lithology, curvature, topographic wetness index (TWI), topographic roughness index stream power index, stream transport index, land use/land cover, and normalized difference vegetation index. The factors contributing to flooding were optimally weighted with respect to the proposed model. The final flood susceptibility map was reclassified into five different classes of susceptibility to flooding: very low (16.64% of the study area); low (19.53%); moderate (38.92%); high (17.83%); and very high (7.08%). The area under curve values for the predicted rate and success rate of the AHP model were 0.956 and 0.971, respectively. Therefore, the results were accurate and reliable. The AHP model is a powerful method for fundamental for susceptibility mapping to mitigate the serious impacts of flooding and assist scholars, local governments and policymakers in future master planning.