Toxicity studies were conducted to provide safety data of potential drug candidates by determining lethal and toxic doses. This study was designed for pre-clinical evaluation of novel cyclohexenone derivative with respect to the acute and sub-acute toxicity along with the diabetogenic potential. Acute and sub-acute toxicity were assessed after intraperitoneal (i.p) injection of the investigational compound through selected doses for 21 days. This was followed by assessment of isolated body organs (liver, kidney, heart and pancreas) via biochemical indicators and histopathological techniques. No signs of toxicity were revealed in the study of acute toxicity. Similarly, a sub-acute toxicity study showed no significant difference in biochemical indicators on 11th and 21st days between treated and control groups. However, in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and random blood glucose/sugar (RBS) values, significant differences were recorded. Histopathological evaluation of liver, kidney, pancreas and heart tissues revealed mild to severe changes in the form of steatosis, inflammation, fibrosis, necrosis and myofibrillary damages on 11th and 21st days of treatment. In conclusion, the median lethal dose of the tested compound was expected to be greater than 500 mg/kg. No significant change occurred in selected biomarkers, except BUN and RBS levels, but a histopathological study showed moderate toxic effect on liver, kidney, pancreas and heart tissues by the cyclohexenone derivative.

Background: Anemia is the most frequent complication of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) which is

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Introduction. One of the most serious complications of elective surgery is the surgical site infection (SSI), especially in unburdened patients. It is believed that the parameters that may indicate such a process are, among others, C-reactive protein level (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). Aim. The aim of the study is the daily assessment of changes in ESR and CRP values in patients after surgical correction of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis with posterior fusion, and their correlation with the occurrence of surgical site infection. Material and methods. The material is 45 consecutive patients, diagnosed with idiopathic scoliosis, treated surgically, in which in subsequent days after the operation the measurement of CRP and SR was performed. In this group, 4 patients needed surgical revision due to SSI. Results. The level of CRP protein increased in all patients, its highest value was on the second day after surgery and was on average 80 mg/l (2-144 mg/l) in the group without SSI and 58 mg/l (34-98 mg/l) in the group with SSI. In the following days CRP levels gradually declined, in the uncomplicated group it lowered to less than a half of the peak level at day 5 (mean 39 mg/l). In SSI group after a reduction of CRP values until day 4 we noted another peak to a mean value 65 mg/l (46-82) at day 7. ESR levels gradually increased and reached maximum values on day 5 in patients without SSI (43mm/h), and on day 6 in patients with SSI (52m/h). In patients with SSI, the changes of levels of ESR was not different from the other patients in whom the course of treatment was not complicated. Conclusions. The lack of reduction of CRP levels or a second rise of its levels may indicate increased risk of SSI. In this situation further steps to confirm this diagnosis should be carried out. The assessment of ESR after extensive spinal fusion surgery are not sufficient indicators to predict the risk of SSI.

Introduction: Placenta previa and morbidly adherent placenta cause significant maternal morbidity and mortality from postpartum hemorrhage. Intra-aortic balloon occlusion has been shown to reduce intraoperative hemorrhage effectively. Cases Presentation We reported four cases of women who underwent cesarean section and hysterectomy with IABO. All four were multigravida, gestational age range was 37-39 weeks, MAP score range 6-8. Ultrasound examination showed placenta accreta. After the cesarean section and hysterectomy procedure with IABO, the bleeding was 600-800 cc. Conclusions Intra-Aortic Ballooning Occlusion is an effective method to reduce bleeding complications during and after cesarean section in pregnancies with placenta accreta.