The present study aimed to investigate the protective and therapeutic effects of caffeine on rotenone-induced rat model of Parkinson's disease (PD). Rats were divided into control, PD model induced by rotenone (1.5 mg/kg intraperitoneally (i.p.) for 45 days), protected group injected with caffeine (30 mg/kg, i.p.) and rotenone for 45 days (during the development of PD model), and treated group injected with caffeine (30 mg/kg, i.p.) for 45 days after induction of PD model. The data revealed a state of oxidative and nitrosative stress in the midbrain and the striatum of animal model of PD as indicated from the increased lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide levels and the decreased reduced glutathione level and activities of glutathione-S-transferase and superoxide dismutase. Rotenone induced a decrease in acetylcholinesterase and Na/K-ATPase activities and an increase in tumor necrosis factor-α level in the midbrain and the striatum. Protection and treatment with caffeine ameliorated the oxidative stress and the changes in acetylcholinesterase and Na/K-ATPase activities induced by rotenone in the midbrain and the striatum. This was associated with improvement in the histopathological changes induced in the two areas of PD model. Caffeine protection and treatment restored the depletion of midbrain and striatal dopamine induced by rotenone and prevented decline in motor activities (assessed by open field test) and muscular strength (assessed by traction and hanging tests) and improved norepinephrine level in the two areas. The present study showed that caffeine offered a significant neuroprotection and treatment against neurochemical, histopathological, and behavioral changes in a rotenone-induced rat model of PD.

Objective: The present work aimed to investigate the relationship between occupational exposure to airborne molds, serum aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), and liver enzymes of workers handling wheat flour. Methods: The study included 90 bakers, 100 flour milling workers, and 100 controls with no exposure to flour dust. Workplace aspects such as temperature and relative humidity were measured. Airborne fungi were collected and identified. In all subjects included, the serum levels of AFB1, serum albumin (Alb), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were measured. Results: Air temperature and relative humidity were found to be higher in bakeries than in flour mill sections. Airborne Aspergillus species were isolated in dust particles <8 µm in size. The concentration of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger were higher in bakeries than in the flour mill sections. They were higher in the grinding section than in other mill sections. The serum AFB1-Alb adduct and ALP levels were significantly higher in bakers compared to milling workers ( p < 0.0001, p = 0.05), respectively. The liver enzymes AST and ALT were significantly higher among milling workers and bakers than controls ( p < 0.05, p < 0.0001), respectively. The duration of exposure was significantly correlated with serum AFB1 in bakers. Moreover, there was significant correlation between serum AFB1, each of ALT and AST levels in bakers. Conclusions: chronic occupational exposure to high concentrations of Aspergillus in workplaces may cause elevations in serum levels of AFB1 and liver enzymes in workers exposed to flour dust. Hence, worker protection measures should be consistently adopted and enforced at the workplace.

Serum levels of glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione S-transferase-α (GST-α) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were determined to evaluate their use in diagnosing hepatocellular damage in 75 children with liver disease. Except for level of GR in patients with HBV, GR, GST-α and MDA were raised significantly in patients compared with controls. At 100% specificity, the sensitivity of the 3 markers for detecting hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus and schistosomiasis infection respectively were: 16.7%, 100.0% and 17.7% for GR; 33.3%, 62.1% and 38.2% for GST-α; and 25.0%, 10.3% and 29.4% for MDA. GR was more sensitive in hepatitis C infection, while MDA reflected changes in liver ultrasound and GST-α was the best indicator for histopathological changes. Rôle du statut antioxydant et du processus de péroxydation des lipides dans l'évaluation des lésions hépatocellulaires chez l'enfant RÉSUMÉ Nous avons déterminé les taux sériques de glutathion-réductases (GR), d'α-glutathion-Stransférases (α-GST) et de malondialdéhyde (MDA) afin d'évaluer leur rôle dans le diagnostic des lésions hépatocellulaires chez 75 enfants souffrant d'une maladie hépatique. À l'exception du taux de GR chez les patients atteints du virus de l'hépatite B (VHB), les taux de GR, d'α-GST et de MDA étaient significativement plus élevés chez les malades que chez les témoins. Avec une spécificité de 100 %, la sensibilité des trois marqueurs pour le dépistage du VHB, du VHC et de la schistosomiase était respectivement de 16,7 %, 100,0 % et 17,7 % pour les GR ; de 33,3 %, 62,1 % et 38,2 % pour les α-GST ; et de 25,0 %, 10,3 % et 29,4 % pour le MDA. Les GR étaient plus sensibles dans le cas de l'infection par le VHC, alors que le MDA témoignait de changements à l'échographie du foie et que les α-GST étaient le meilleur indicateur des changements histopathologiques.

Background: Adipose tissue is a type of connective tissue composed of adipocytes. Recently, this tissue has been recognized as a major endocrine organ. The physiological process of fat loss occurs when fats are liberated from adipocytes into circulation to supply the needed energy. Nutrition supplements that increase fat metabolism, impair fat absorption, increase weight loss, and increase fat oxidation during exercise are known as fat burners. A good fat burner must burn the stored fats, break down the fat cells, and increase the metabolic rate. Eating thermogenic foods helps burn fats. Fat flush diet comes to repair the damage that resulted from ingested and environmental toxins stored in adipocytes. Aim of work:This review will focus on the recent advances in fat burning supplements, fat burning foods, and fat flash diet. Conclusion:The human body can act as a fat-burning machine by depending on low-calorie foods instead of high-calorie foods in addition to doing regular exercise, avoiding toxins and processed food, and applying any fat flush dietary program under the approval of a professional doctor. What's new in this review is that it may orient our attention to the importance of using natural fat burners in the fat burning process in an attempt to avoid medications that have many side effects by targeting other organs and it also gives an idea of the importance of increasing the brown adipose tissue content because its activation could be linked to a feeling of being full. We need further studies in this context.

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