A methodical approach to designing new furniture fasteners for lignocellulosic materials will uncover new sources of innovation. This paper presents an example of such a design procedure and its results. The outcomes are new concepts of mechanical fasteners for wood-based boards used in frameless furniture. At first, the requirements based on the furniture users, furniture manufacturers, and fastener manufacturers viewpoints were identified. These design criteria were analyzed, and as a result, seven ideas of fasteners with innovative features were created. The invented fasteners provided a starting point to generate prototypes. The prototypes were subjected to multi-dimensional methodical developed evaluations. The purpose of this paper is a detailed presentation of the pathway leading to solutions that are potentially beneficial in terms of product performance and of the identified design limitations. Two main conclusions were made. First, all mechanical furniture fasteners always are a combination of two functional subsystems, anchoring and drive. Secondly, there are a limited number of their design solutions. Despite the wide variety of market offerings, only four anchoring methods are used, and only two drive methods are used in all fasteners.
Dimensional accuracy of machining translates into susceptibility to defects in assembly of furniture elements. In the initial drilling phase, the tip of the drill may slip due to the properties of the workpiece, which may result in inaccurate machining. Taking this into account, it was decided to investigate this phenomenon for drilling in the side of the plywood board. Samples for testing were made of 18 mm thick, 13 layer birch-alder plywood, covered with melamine film, glued with phenol-formaldehyde glue. With the use of an industrial dowel drilling machine, 30 holes in each of three examined layer were made. All holes were made parallel to the layers – on the side of the plywood board, and their axes were located in three adjacent layers: the birch veneer layer, the adhesive layer, and the alder veneer layer. Two types of geometric accuracy of holes were analyzed: the distance between the real center of the hole and the nominal position and also the inclination of the hole axis from the nominal axis. The holes made in the adhesive layer showed approximately twice larger deviations compared with the holes made in two adjacent layers of veneer. There was no significant relationship between the deviations of the angle of holes axis and the inaccuracies in the position of their centers. Main conclusion: When drilling in the side surface of the plywood board, less accurate holes are obtained if the hole axis is located in the adhesive layer, and there is more accuracy if the hole axis is located in the veneer layer.
StreszczenieWstęp: W artykule analizowano związek kryzysu wartości oraz strategii pracy emocjonalnej z wypaleniem zawodowym w grupie świeckich nauczycieli religii. Analizowano też rolę pracy emocjonalnej jako mediatora związku między kryzysem wartości a wypaleniem. W badaniach uwzględniono trzy strategie pracy emocjonalnej: pracę powierzchowną, głęboką i okazywanie emocji naturalnie odczuwanych. Materiał i metody: Badaniami objęto 169 świeckich nauczycieli religii (24% -mężczyźni, 76% -kobiety). W badaniach zastosowano opracowany przez Olesia Kwestionariusz do Badania Kryzysu w Wartościowaniu, Kwestionariusz Wypalenia Zawodowego Maslach (Maslach Burnout Inventory) oraz Skalę Pracy Emocjonalnej (the Emotional Labor Scale) opracowaną przez Diefendorffa, Croyle i Gosserand. Wyniki: Kryzys wartości jest istotnym czynnikiem wypalenia zawodowego w grupie świeckich nauczycieli religii. Praca powierzchowna i okazywanie emocji naturalnie odczuwanych mediują związek kryzysu w wartościowaniu z wyczerpaniem emocjonalnym, depersonalizacją, a także z poczuciem braku osiągnięć -praca powierzchowna zwiększa wypalenie zawodowe, natomiast redukuje je okazywanie emocji naturalnie odczuwanych. Nie potwierdzono związku pracy głębokiej z wypaleniem zawodowym. Wnioski: Zasadne jest poszukiwanie czynników sprzyjających okazywaniu w pracy emocji naturalnie odczuwanych, a także tych redukujących pracę powierzchowną. Med. Pr. 2015;66(5):687-700 Słowa kluczowe: wypalenie zawodowe, praca emocjonalna, praca powierzchowna, praca głęboka, okazywanie emocji naturalnie odczuwanych, kryzys w wartościowaniu Abstract Background: This article presents an analysis of the relationship between the crisis of values and in the valuation, the strategy of emotional labor, and occupational burnout in the group of lay teachers of religion. In addition, the role of emotional labor as a mediator of the relationship between the crisis of values and burnout was analyzed. Three strategies of emotional labor were considered in the study: surface acting, deep acting, and expression of naturally felt emotions. Material and methods: The study was conducted in a group of 169 lay teachers of religion (males -24%, females -76%), using the Questionnaire for Investigating Crisis in Valuation developed by Oleś, the Maslach Burnout Inventory, and the Emotional Labour Scale developed by Diefendorff, Croyle and Gosserand. Results: The crisis of values and in the valuation is an important factor responsible for occupational burnout in the group of lay teachers of religion. Surface acting and expression of naturally felt emotions mediate the relationship between crisis in the valuation and emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and lack of personal accomplishment. Surface acting increases, while the expression of naturally felt emotions decreases occupational burnout. Deep acting is not related with occupational burnout. Conclusions: It is justified to seek factors favoring the expression of naturally felt emotions, and also those reducing surface acting. Med Pr 2015;66(5):687...
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