No abstract

Experiments with irradiated single-walled carbon nanotubes are shown to generate a set of probability distribution functions and to derive a set of information theoretic entropy-based parameters. Energetic Cs + ions initiate linear collision cascades and nonlinear thermal spikes in single-walled carbon nanotubes. The probability distribution functions are constructed from the normalized experimental yields of the sputtered atoms and clusters. The information or Shannon entropy and fractal dimension are evaluated for each of the emitted species. Along with the fractal dimension, the information is used to identify and distinguish the energy dissipation processes that generate conditions for monatomic sputtering and clusters emissions.

A model has been developed that illustrates C 60 's emergence from the condensing carbon vapour.It is shown to depend upon (i) the decreasing heats of formation for larger cages, (ii) exponentially increasing number of isomers for fullerenes that are larger than C 60 , (iii) large cages' buckling induced by the pentagon-related protrusions that initiate fragmentation, (iv) the structural instability-induced fragmentation that shrinks large cages via an evolving gas of C 2 that is crucial to the whole process. The model describes a mechanism for the provision and presence of plenty of C 2 s during the formation and fragmentation processes.Fullerenes portrayed as 3D rotors have partition functions describing ensemble's entropy as a function of the fragmentation sequence. The bottom-up formations of large cages followed by the top-down cage shrinkage are shown to be stable, dynamical processes that lead to the C 60 dominated fullerene ensemble.

With use of an ETT positioning catheter after intubation, the ETT malposition rate was reduced by 82%. This catheter-based system was safe, and its use may perhaps decrease the need for the post-intubation chest radiograph.

The mechanism responsible for the emission of clusters from heavy ion irradiated solids is proposed to be thermal spikes. Collision cascade-based theories describe atomic sputtering but cannot explain the consistently observed experimental evidence for significant cluster emission.Statistical thermodynamic arguments for thermal spikes are employed here for qualitative and quantitative estimation of the thermal spike-induced cluster emission from Si, Ge and ZnO. The evolving cascades and spikes in elemental and molecular semiconducting solids are shown to have fractal characteristics. Power law potential is used to calculate the fractal dimension. With the loss of recoiling particles' energy the successive branching ratios get smaller. The fractal dimension is shown to be dependent upon the exponent of the power law interatomic potential 𝐷𝐷 = 1 2𝑚𝑚 . Each irradiating ion has the probability of initiating a space-filling, multifractal thermal spike that may sublime a localized region near the surface by emitting clusters in relative ratios that depend upon the energies of formation of respective surface vacancies.