In this study, the effects of essential oil mixture, organic acid and essential oil mixture + organic acid supplementation in diets in summer season on egg production traits, egg quality parameters, some digestive system characteristics, some blood parameters and immune response of laying hens were investigated. One hundred ninety two laying hens, 52 wk-old, were divided into 4 treatment groups. There were 48 hens in each treatment group, and each hen was housed individually. The dietary treatments were as follow: 1. basal diet (negative control), 2. basal diet + 36 mg/kg essential oil mixture, 3. basal diet + 2 g/kg organic acid, 4. basal diet + 36 mg/kg essential oil mixture + 2 g/kg organic acid. Laying hens were fed with one of the dietary treatments until 68 wk of age. The treatments had not a significant effect on egg productivity traits but it tends to increase egg weight. However, essential oil mixture supplementation in diet significantly increased albumen height and Haugh unit. No significant differences were observed in serum total cholesterol, glucose and triglyceride levels, and in antibody titer level of Newcastle disease virus (NDV), infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) among the treatments, however, supplementing essential oil mixture and organic acid in layer diet tend to improve antibody responses against NDV and IBDV.

1. The effects of sex and dietary composition were investigated in 48 male and 48 female 16-week old chukar partridges. 2. Sixteen starter and 16 grower diets were arranged in a 4 x 4 factorial design with 4 concentration of crude protein (CP) and 4 concentration of metabolizable energy (ME). 3. Blood samples were collected at 16 weeks of age and analysed for total protein, triglycerides, uric acid, total cholesterol, glucose, calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium and chlorine. 4. There were no significant effects of sex on the measured parameters. 5. Serum total protein was highest in partridges fed on a diet containing 200/175 g CP/kg (starter grower). Serum cholesterol concentrations of partridge fed the diet with 240/200 or 280/225 g CP/kg were significantly higher than that for partridge fed diets containing a lower gCP/kg. 6. Serum total protein and glucose levels significantly decreased as dietary energy level was increased. Serum triglycerides and calcium were highest in partridge fed on the diets containing 13.39/13.81 and 11.71/12.55 ME MJ/kg, respectively. Serum phosphorus and chloride levels were highest in partridges given the diet containing 10.88/11.92 ME MJ/kg. 7. There were significant interactions between the effects of CP and ME on serum triglycerides, sodium and potassium levels. 8 The results of this study suggested that dietary CP, and especially ME concentration, significantly affect blood parameters in chukar partridge.

1. This study was conducted to determine the effects of starter and grower diets with differing crude protein (CP) and metabolisable energy (ME) concentrations on the body weight (BW), live weight gain (LWG), feed consumption (FC), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and carcase, breast+back, rump, wing, neck and abdominal fat weights of chukar partridge raised in captivity. 2. Chukar partridges were fed on starter diets containing 4 concentrations of CP (160, 200, 240, 280 g/kg) and 4 concentrations of ME (10.9, 11.7, 12.6, 13.4 MJ/kg) from hatch to 8 weeks of age; they were fed on grower diets containing 4 concentrations of CP (150, 175, 200, 225 g/kg) and 4 concentrations of ME (11.9, 12.6, 13.2, 13.8 MJ/kg) from 9 to 16 weeks of age. All diets contained at least 5.5 g/kg methionine, 15 g/kg lysine and 10 g/kg methionine+cystine. Sixteen starter and 16 grower diets were arranged in a 4 x 4 factorial design with 4 levels of CP and 4 levels of ME. Each treatment was replicated three times with each replicate consisting of 5 males and 5 females. 3. Partridges fed on a starter diet containing 160 g CP/kg were significantly lighter at 8 weeks of age than those in groups given diets containing a higher CP. However, at 16 weeks of age, the differences in BW among treatments had disappeared. Throughout, there were no significant effects of ME concentration on BW and LWG. 4. The daily mean FC for the 0 to 8 week and 0 to 16 week periods was not affected by dietary CP concentration. For the 9 to 16 week period, the partridges fed on a grower diet containing 225 g CP/kg consumed more feed than those given a diet containing 175 g CP/kg. 5. The highest FCR for the 0 to 8 week period was in partridges fed on a starter diet containing 160 g CP/kg. For the 9 to 16 week period, the lowest FCR was in partridges fed on a grower diet containing 150 g CP/kg. For the 0 to 16 week period, there was not a significant effect of dietary CP concentration on FCR. The daily mean FC and the FCR for the 0 to 8, 9 to 16 and 0 to 16 week periods decreased when the ME concentration of the starter and grower diets increased. 6. The carcase, rump and breast+back weights of the male partridges increased when the ME content of the diets increased. Weights of all carcase components of the male partridges were significantly greater than those of the carcase components of the females. 7. There were no significant interactions between CP and ME concentrations on BW, LWG, FC, FCR and carcase characteristics. 8. We conclude that the starter diet for chukar partridges raised for meat production should contain at least 200 g CP/kg, 11.7 MJ ME/kg, and the grower diet should contain 150 g CP/kg, 12.6 MJ ME/kg.

Magnezyum, hücre metabolizması ve kemik gelişiminde önemli rollere sahip olup vücutta 300 den fazla reaksiyonda görev almaktadır. Bu yüzden bir çok hayvan türü için esansiyel bir katyondur. Son yıllarda yapılan bazı araştırmalar, kanatlı rasyonlarına ilave edilen magnezyumun hepatik katalaz aktivitesini arttırmak süretiyle kas ve kan dokularındaki peroksidasyonu azalttığını ve bu sayede et kalitesinin arttırılmasına olanak sağlayabileceğini ortaya koymuşlardır. Bununla birlikte, rasyona ilave edilen yüksek düzeydeki magnezyum kemik formasyonunu olumsuz etkilediği gibi dışkı nem düzeyini de arttırabilmektedir. Kanatlılarda normal bir büyüme ve performans için rasyonların magnezyum, kalsiyum ve fosfor bakımından dengelenmesi son derece önemlidir. Bu derlemede, kanatlı beslemede magnezyumun fonksiyonları, kanatlıların magnezyum ihtiyaçları, magnezyum kaynakları, sindirilebilirliği, kullanılabilirliği ve kanatlıların performansına etkileri tartışılmıştır.

Bu çalışmada, Balıkesir ilindeki yem fabrikalarının mevcut durumlarının tespit edilmesi ve karma yem sektörünün sorunlarına yönelik çözümler önerilmesi amacıyla ildeki fabrikaların idari ve teknik alt yapıları, üretim, pazarlama, hammadde, kalite, kapasite kullanım oranı (KKO), istihdam ve sorunları araştırılmıştır. Bu amaçla, ildeki faal haldeki 24 yem fabrikası ziyaret edilmiş ve toplam 48 sorudan oluşan anket uygulanarak elde edilen veriler analiz edilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda, Balıkesir ilindeki yem fabrikalarının kurulu kapasitelerinin yaklaşık 4.5 milyon ton yıl yem olduğu, bu kurulu kapasiteye karşılık 2018 yılında 1.87 milyon ton yem üretimi ile KKO'nun %41.5 olduğu tespit edilmiştir. İldeki yem fabrikalarının 17'si anonim şirket, 7'si limitet şirket iken; fabrikaların %37.5'inin otomatik, %41.7'sinin yarı otomatik ve %20.8 'inin ise manüel olduğu ve yem fabrikalarında toplam 1005 kişinin istihdam edildiği saptanmıştır. Anket sonuçlarına göre ildeki yem fabrikalarının %66.7'sinde hammadde ve yem analiz laboratuvarlarının bulunduğu ve %83.3'ününde bir rasyon hazırlama programı kullandıkları, fabrikaların %95.8'i hammadde ve yem depolamada kullanılmak üzere hem dikey hem yatay siloya sahip olduklarını bildirmişlerdir. İlde 2018 yılında üretilen karma yemin %50'sini kanatlı, %45'ini büyükbaş, %5'ini ise küçükbaş hayvan yemleri oluşturmuştur. Üretim maliyetlerinin %79'unun hammadde, geri kalan %21'inin ise işletme maliyetlerinden oluştuğu tespit edilmiştir. Hammadde fiyatlarının yüksekliği ve temin zorluğu, döviz kuru yüksekliği ve kur oynaklığı, haksız rekabet ve kayıtsız üretim ile iç talep yetersizliği en önemli sorunlar olarak belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, ildeki yem fabrikalarının çoğunluğunun idari ve teknik donanımları ile laboratuvar altyapılarının yeterli olduğu, fabrikaların en önemli sorunlarının ise KKO'larının düşüklüğü ve hammadde fiyatlarının yüksek olması olarak belirlenmiştir.