Przez długi czas nauka nie wykazywała większego zainteresowania okresem starości (senilis). W psychologii intensywny rozwój zainteresowana problematyką funkcjonowania osób w wieku starszym zanotowano dopiero w drugiej połowie XX wieku, a w ogólnej periodyzacji rozwoju ten etap został wyodrębniony przez Marię Tyszkową [1988]. Najprawdopodobniej wynikało to z faktu, że starość i związane z nią problemy przez znaczny okres historii naszego gatunku dotyczyły tylko niewielkiej części społeczeństwa. W czasach prehistorycznych bycie seniorem stanowiło wyjątkowy fenomen, o czym świadczyć może to, że większość odnalezionych do tej pory najstarszych szczątków ludzkich należała do osobników, których wiek nie przekraczał trzydziestego roku życia 1 . Osoby w wieku podeszłym spotykane były tak rzadko, że ludzie prehistoryczni, którzy wszystkim zjawiskom niezwykłym zwykli przypisywać cechy nadprzyrodzone, uważali starość za wynik opieki sił boskich [Minois, 1995] 2 . Do XVII wieku prawdopodob-1 Badania 187 prehistorycznych czaszek wykazały, że jedynie trzy spośród nich należały do ludzi w wieku średnim, którzy przekroczyli 50 rok życia [Minois, 1995, s. 19].2 Jednakże nie można idealizować losu starców w tychże kulturach -Georges Minois zaznacza, że "los starca zależy (…) od poziomu zasobów danej społeczności" [Minois, 1995, s. 21].
The aim of the article was to evaluate the rate of speech of people at an advanced old age and without any demential illnesses when compared to the control group of 9-years-old children without any developmental disorders. Because of the fact that the control group consisted of children, we have also made references to the notion of elderspeak – a phenomenon similar to the baby-talk – but related to the way younger people talk to senior citizens. We tested the rate of speech in 32 subjects: the experimental group comprising 16 healthy people of an advanced old age without any neurodevelopmental illnesses (the average age: 83.1) and the control group, which included 16 children without any developmental disorders (the average age: 9.0) in order to achieve a correlation in terms of the male/female ratio for the comparative analysis. The analysed parameters included: the speaking rate, the articulation rate, the numer of pauses, and the ratio of pauses within the speech samples. The estimative quantitative analysis showed insignificant differences in the parameters that influence the rate of speech in both groups. The statistical analysis also showed that there were no significant differences in the main research parameters – the speaking rate, the articulation rate, the number of pauses, and the ratio of pauses. The research hypotheses regarding the differences in the speech rate of those at an advanced old age and of the children at the age of 9 were negated by the results of the ana lyses. It has been proven that the rate of speech of the elderly who age physiologically does not differ from the rate of speech production by the children.
The article characterizes the pace of speech as a research category which gives us the ability to analyze both normative and impaired speech. The practical part consists of the description of the research process and the obtained results. It is preceded by the theoretical part which describes the notions of the pace of speech and the pace of utterance and their main components. Special emphasis has been put on the notion of pause. Additionally, selected quantitative and qualitative aspects of speech have been outlined, together with the ways of their analysis which include measuring tools (Audacity software) and statistical tests (Shapiro-Wilk, Mann-Whitney, Fisher-Snadecor).
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