Activation of neutrophil by the dialysis membrane and peroxidative stress plays an important role on the pathogenesis of complications in hemodialysis (HD) patients. Vitamin E is one of the potent scavengers for reactive oxygen species. Recent studies suggest that a vitamin E-modified multilayer membrane (Excebrane, CL-EE dialyzer) has an inhibitory effect on serum lipids peroxidation in HD patients. To determine the effect of CL-EE on biocompatibility in clinical use, we measured the superoxide anion radical producing ability (SOPA) of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs), the plasma hydroxyl radical producing ability (OHPA) and superoxide anion radical scavenging activity (SSA). SOPA was measured after stimulation of PMNLs with phorbol myristate acetate using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) method. Plasma OHPA and SSA were also determined using the EPR method. In addition, the plasma concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA) and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL), as the parameters for lipid peroxidation, were measured. SOPA was decreased in patients who used conventional filter membrane compared with healthy controls. In the patients using the CL-EE membrane, SOPA gradually increased and reached control levels after six months. However, no significant increase was observed in patients who used a conventional filter membrane. OHPA of HD patients was significantly decreased compared with controls. In the CL-EE membrane patient group, OHPA was significantly increased at six months. SSA was significantly higher in the conventional filter membrane group than controls. In the CL-EE membrane patient group, SSA gradually decreased at six months. Plasma MDA and oxidized LDL levels were significantly higher in HD patients compared with controls. These values slowly decreased, and significant differences were found after nine months of using the CL-EE membrane. These findings suggest that activation of PMNLs and plasma OHPA and SSA in HD patients is attenuated by antioxidant effects of the CL-EE.

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Three times weekly home hemodialysis (HHD) was introduced shortly after the initiation of chronic hemodialysis (HD) treatment in 1960. HHD eliminates the need of transportation to and from the dialysis unit and by allowing patients to set their own dialysis schedule, decreases the burden of treatment on their personal and professional lives. HHD has been found more economical and more highly associated with better patient survival than in-center dialysis. Nevertheless, the global prevalence of HHD decreased between 1980 and 2000 due to the increased availability of dialysis units and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, advances in cadaveric kidney transplantation, and several other factors. However, the availability of HHD at a frequency of more than 3 times/week, the typical frequency of conventional HD (CHD), in such forms as brief HD sessions of 2-3 h 5-6 days/week and nocturnal HD (NHD) has led to reversals in this trend. Frequent HHD, such as short daily HD (SDHD) and NHD instead of 3 times/week CHD, has been found to significantly improve hypertension, left ventricular mass, renal anemia, quality of life and mortality. On the other hand, NHD has been found to significantly improve hypertension, left ventricular mass, renal anemia, quality of life, malnutrition, mortality and phosphate clearance. Many observational clinical studies and one randomized controlled trial of SDHD and/or NHD have been conducted, and compact and convenient dialysis machines have been developed and used for HHD. The most recent data reported in the national and local registries of selected countries indicate that the prevalence of HHD among all dialysis patients from 2008 to 2010 varied from 0 to 3.3% except in New Zealand and Australia, where it was 16.3 and 9.3%, respectively. As HHD appears to be a more effective and economical dialysis modality than in-center CHD, its prevalence is likely to increase in the future.